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17 APPENDIX 5. THE SAM MODEL The SAM framework The framework for the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) was first developed in the 1950s as an extension of the core national accounts in order to integrate economic and social aspects of development (Pyatt & Round 1985). The SAM began to be more widely used for policy in the 1970s when it became clear that economic development, measured by growth in GDP, could not ensure poverty reduction, and that a tool to monitor income distribution was needed. The SAM is now included as part of the 1993 revision of the System of National Accounts, the framework used by virtually all countries for compiling national accounts (UN 1993). The SAM is a comprehensive, economy-wide database using a double-entry bookkeeping approach to present the data in a square table format. Data from the National Accounts and statistics about households and other institutions are used to construct accounts for • Supply of products from imports and domestic production • Production structure of each industry • Generation of income by each industry • Redistribution of incomes among institutions, for example transfers among different groups of households, transfers from government to households, taxes paid by households and enterprises to government, etc. • Detailed expenditure patterns of households and other institutions • Saving and investment • Transactions with the rest of the world (ROW), imports and exports Each account is represented by a row and column, as seen in Figure 1: reading the SAM across a row shows the incomes or sales revenue of an account, while reading the SAM down a column shows the expenditures or outlays of that account. The principle of accounting requires that total revenue (row total) equals total expenditure (column total). A Basic SAM was constructed for Botswana for the year 2002-2003 (Thurlow 2006). The Basic SAM has been modified for the analysis of economic activities in the Okavango Delta by expanding the number of Agricultural activities from 3 industries to 8 and expanding tourism related activities from 1 to 12. Two additional categories of income were added in order to better represent the benefits of local communities from the resources of the Delta: rents and royalties for use of traditional land for tourism, and mixed income from agriculture in the Delta communal land. These are described below. 118
Table A5.1 Structure of a Social Accounting Matrix PRODUCTION PRODUCTION ACCOUNTS PRIMARY INCOME Commodities Activities Factor Payments Commodities Trade margins Intermediate use of commodities Activities Domestic supply Households Household Consumption Expenditure INSTITUTION ACCOUNTS Enterprises Government Government Consumption Expenditure CAPITAL ACCOUNT Investment & Change in Inventories REST OF WORLD ACCOUNT Exports TOTAL INCOMES Total use of commodities Domestic supply of commodities INSTITUTIONS Factors Net Value Added Households Labour incomes Enterprises Undistributed profits Government Taxes less subsidies on products Taxes less subsidies on production CAPITAL ACCOUNT Consumption of Fixed Capital REST OF WORLD ACCOUNT TOTAL EXPENDITURES Taxes on labour and profits Imports Factor payments abroad Total Commodity Supply Total domestic output Total factor outlay Interhousehold transfers Taxes on household income & property Household Saving Remittances abroad Household expenditure Enterprise income distributed to households Direct taxes on Enterprises Enterprise savings Transfers abroad Enterprise Expenditure Government Transfers to Households Transfers to Enterprises Government Saving Transfers abroad Government expenditure Capital expenditure Factor Income Factor income from Abroad Remittances Household from Abroad income Enterprise Income from abroad Government Income from World Capital Account BoP Total exports Enterprise Income Government revenue Total savings Total imports 119
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Economic value of the Cover Okavang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was f
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# # # # # # # # # # typically quite
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household demographics, the relativ
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are harvested annually in the study
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3. Wise use, based on Ramsar planni
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5.4.5 Palms........................
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The O
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• inform economically efficient p
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2 STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and exten
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Maunachira-Khwai) and thence into n
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2.2.5 Soils The soils of the delta
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Figure 2-3 Land use categories for
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# # # # # # # # # # Shakawe # # # #
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3 VALUATION FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLO
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other variable relevant for policy)
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3.3.2.1 Focus group discussions and
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A total of 430 households from 12 v
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Income and Expenditure Survey, a ne
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WMAs pay a lease to the local gover
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Table 4-3 Estimated direct gross ou
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Table 5-3 Average numbers of dwelli
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Table 5-6. Average number and produ
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5.3.2 Cropping Some 75% of househol
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N W SW SE C Table 5-15. Average val
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general consensus was that pottery
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Reed mats are used by a few househo
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price, and the resource generates s
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large quantities. This is a very im
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N W SW SE C Table 5-34. Estimated h
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Table 5-39 Relative proportion of d
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Mosepele (2005) recorded a fairly c
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The regulation of hunting stripped
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5.5 The contribution of delta resou
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6 INDIRECT USE VALUE 6.1 Indirect u
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6.3 Indirect use values in the Okav
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estimate the net carbon sink of Aus
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Valuable migratory wildlife species
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External wildlife uses In order to
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Sanitary facilities are poorer. Alm
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Page 85 and 86: 8 THE VALUE OF THE OKAVANGO DELTA I
Page 87 and 88: Table 8-2 Summary of the direct eco
Page 89 and 90: Ramsar site Wetland Rentals & royal
Page 91 and 92: The SAM can also provide an indicat
Page 93 and 94: 9.3 Description of selected scenari
Page 95 and 96: 9.3.4 Scenario 4. Wise use plus ups
Page 97 and 98: 9.4 Parameters under different scen
Page 99 and 100: 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 101 and 102: 11 REFERENCES Abril, A & Bucher, E.
Page 103 and 104: Mbaiwa, J.E. 2002. The socio-econom
Page 105 and 106: 12 GLOSSARY Abstraction - pumping w
Page 107 and 108: Profit - the difference between 'gr
Page 109 and 110: 14 APPENDIX 2. TOURISM OPERATIONS I
Page 111 and 112: 69 Wilderness Dawning 70 Wilmot Saf
Page 113 and 114: FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
Page 123 and 124: 16 APPENDIX 4. THE SAFARI HUNTING E
Page 133: FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC MODEL - HIGH QUA
Page 137 and 138: The sum of this column is the total
Page 139: generation and household expenditur
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