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ethnic colouring. 2 Moreover, the inter-ethnic strife is a breeding ground for many grave social problems, among these, the problem of refugees. Social tension is furthermore aggravated by various inconsistencies in economic and political reforms being carried out in most countries of the Black Sea region. The main source of conflict in the Black Sea region is the problem of borders and territorial disputes causing in some cases internal and in others, external threats. In the course of their history, the nations that used to live on their national territories were either forcibly moved out or joined different states when their territories were divided among several new states. Since such disasters remain for a long time in the collective memory of ethnic groups, sooner or later, following the shift in the region’s balance, ethnic groups that had been previously divided as a result of deportation or partitioning of their territories, have tended to launch political movements to unite their nations or ethnic groups and to establish their own national states in the place of their historical homeland. 3 The issue of border conflicts and territorial disputes also has an external dimension since borders between some countries of the Black Sea region are not evenly delimitated, let alone demarcated. There are also some territorial disputes between certain countries due to the lack of inter-state treaties pertaining to state borders, or because of different interpretations by the parties to existing treaties. Security problems combined with the large economic, transportation and communications potential of the Black Sea region have turned it into the arena of coinciding and confronting geopolitical interests of the countries inside the region as well as of some of the leading countries of the world. As a result of recent dramatic changes in the global balance of power, the reshaping process of the geopolitical space in the Black Sea region is currently under way. This process is characterised by the gradual loss of geopolitical and geostrategic domination by Russia and the growing influence of new players, such as Turkey, the EU countries, the US and Ukraine. This process provokes Russia’s counteraction which appears only natural, since the loss of geopolitical domination narrows down Russia’s opportunities for ensuring its own economic, military and political interests. These tendencies are shaping in Ukraine a complex of interests in the security sphere connected with the Black Sea region. This group of interests include: - demilitarisation of the Black Sea region; - maintaining a balance of powers in the region, which makes militarypolitical domination of one of the countries on the Black Sea impossible and promotes strengthening of peace and security; 3 Yamskov, A.N. (1991), ‘Mezgnacionalnyje konflikty v Zakavkazje: predposylki vozniknoveniya I tendencii razvitiya’/Politicheskiye issledovaniya, [‘Interethnic conflicts in Caucasus: preconditions of occurrence and the tendency of development’, Political Study], no. 2, p.79. 144 UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION VIEWS FROM THE REGION
- settlement of local conflicts and territorial problems; - fight against smuggling, illegal migration, organised crime and drug trafficking; - improvement of environmental security. Ukraine vis-à-vis the BSEC Looking into Ukraine’s interests in the Black Sea region, Ukraine has actively supported the creation of the BSEC from the early beginning as one of the founding states of the organisation. Difficult processes and overall inefficiency of the CIS has forced Ukraine to search for new ways to pursue its national interests. Naturally, other modes of cooperation in Ukraine’s immediate geographic vicinity constitute the best alternative. The BSEC as a geographically close subregional organisation represents the most favourable option. The Organisation of Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) was attractive to Ukraine because of its economic basis, unlike the CIS, which responds primarily to the geopolitical interests of Russia. Precisely this feature of the BSEC attracted newly emerged post- Soviet countries in the Black Sea region, which tried to integrate into this organisation where Russia did not prevail. The BSEC was thus the first organisation where relations with Russia could be built on an equal basis from a subregional perspective. That’s why Ukraine pushed for the transformation of the BSEC into a full-fledged international organisation. In fact, it was under Ukraine’s chairmanship that the Charter and the Agenda of the BSEC have been developed. The activities of the BSEC also match Ukraine’s ambitions to eventually join the Euroatlantic institutions. Ukrainian participation in the BSEC has been decisive regarding progress made towards integration into the European Union and in strengthening democracy in the country. Integration into Europe has been proclaimed as the main strategic course of Ukrainian foreign policy. President L. Kuchma reporting on a conference on ‘New possibilities in the Black Sea region’ in Istanbul on 28 April 1997, said that the consistent strengthening of economic cooperation in the Black Sea region has played an important role not only in solving problems in the field of economic development in the region’s countries, but also furthered pan-European integration. 4 The current President of Ukraine Victor Yuschenko speaking to the participants and guests of the 25 th session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic 4 Transcript from the conference ‘Problemy i perspektivy otnosheniy Ukrainy s gosydarstvami GUAM i evrazijskogo ekonomicheskogo soobshestva (Materialy nauchnogo seminara’/Politychna dumka) [‘Problems and prospects of relations Ukraine - GUAM members and the Eurasians economic community’/Political thought], no. 1-2, 2001, p. 99-121. X E N O P H O N P A P E R no 2 145
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Styopa Safaryan, Elkhan Nuriyev, Ma
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International Centre for Black Sea
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The Policy of Ukraine towards the B
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INTRODUCTION Panagiota Manoli This
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‘exchange of views’ into concre
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would also ensure its integration w
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Between optimism and pessimism: Arm
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Affirming their determination to ma
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Low regional cooperation isolating
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objective of the official policies
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number of foreign tourists who also
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● ● ● conditions. The absence
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AZERBAIJAN AND THE WIDER BLACK SEA
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monopolisation of oil supplies by a
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significance of Azerbaijan as a key
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Paradoxically, Azerbaijan assumed t
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elationship between Azerbaijan, Geo
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has furthermore been a keen support
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and four of them are with regional
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The Southeast Europe Defence Minist
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NATO’s reach at the Black Sea sho
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Secondly, there is the ENP mechanis
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in the Black Sea area perceive the
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outside. There are various factors
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to start, but now all are taking of
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Trade and economic relations of Geo
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development. Nevertheless, during i
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● ● ● ● Additional Protocol
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Although regional cooperation appea
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cooperation’ in the Strategy Pape
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the primary responsibility of the U
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through joint efforts the constant
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for the first time, and several min
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The Black Sea region has been an ar
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Based on its experience from EU int
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at a rapid pace. 14 It is estimated
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Fund of the BSEC. Along with the UN
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music, etc.). Greece has also under
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The process of opening up the dialo
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Turkish foreign policy on the other
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THE POLICY OF MOLDOVA TOWARDS THE B
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Transnistria). The region is also a
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meanings of the whole region. If th
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Ministers. This does not address ho
Page 95 and 96: establishment of parallel overlappi
Page 97 and 98: to new and diversified markets. In
Page 99 and 100: that both the EU and NATO enlargeme
Page 101 and 102: adjusting them to fit the emerging
Page 103 and 104: THE POLICY OF ROMANIA TOWARDS THE B
Page 105 and 106: they have undertaken. The involveme
Page 107 and 108: Along with Greece and other BSEC co
Page 109 and 110: unsettled disputes in the region on
Page 111 and 112: and timeliness of its participation
Page 113 and 114: UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO
Page 115 and 116: separatism. Many regional countries
Page 117 and 118: Russia’s contribution to the BSEC
Page 119 and 120: What is the balance sheet of EU-Rus
Page 121 and 122: THE POLICY OF SERBIA TOWARDS THE BS
Page 123 and 124: At the very outset of dealing with
Page 125 and 126: The very concept of various paces o
Page 127 and 128: problems concerns the first proclai
Page 129: efore the UN and other global fora.
Page 132 and 133: the terrorist attacks of 9/11 (in N
Page 134 and 135: After an enthusiastic start, howeve
Page 136 and 137: creation in the region since 1992.
Page 138 and 139: Although the initial step of the BS
Page 140 and 141: BSEC-EU Interaction after the ‘Bl
Page 142 and 143: one of the most conflict-prone regi
Page 144 and 145: The BSEC offers Ukraine the chance
Page 148 and 149: Cooperation, which took place in Ky
Page 150 and 151: A number of meetings between minist
Page 152 and 153: Ukraine has already implemented a f
Page 154 and 155: are being put forward by its member
Page 156 and 157: Strategically important transport p
Page 159 and 160: CONCLUSIONS: BALANCING NATIONAL INT
Page 161: een lagging behind the other transi
Page 164 and 165: most notably of Crime and Social Co
Page 166 and 167: School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts
Page 168: HELBROK ICBSS ID INOGATE INSME IPAP
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