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A number of meetings between ministers of transport of the BSEC occurred in this perspective resulting in a series of documents, agreed upon and signed by Ukraine. In 2006, the Memorandum of Understanding on facilitation of road transport of goods in the BSEC region, which was signed in Kyiv in 2002, entered into force. Two more memoranda are open for signature – one concerning maritime highways in the Black Sea and another on the creation of the Black Sea circular motorway. With regard to these projects, the Minister of Transport and Communication of Ukraine, Nickolaj Rud’kovskiy drew special attention to the perspective of opening a route Danube - Black Sea - Don - Volga - Caspian Sea. This route, advocated by the Ukrainian minister of transport, will increase the traffic of goods and create a transport ring in the future connecting the rivers of Rhine, Mayn and Danube, the Black Sea - Azov basin, Don, Volga and the Caspian basin. Taking into account, that the Black Sea region is a major transport artery linking world trade between Europe and Asia, the BSEC’s coordinating role in connection with investment projects and the involvement of international financial institutions in their realisation is of enormous value. First of all, we must invest in projects, connected with an increasing need for traffic security as noticed by Nickolay Rud’kovskiy. 10 The Ukrainian delegation supported the establishment of regional projects for developing a motorway named “Black Sea Ring” at the BSEC Summit in Sochi in 2006. The project foresees the construction of a motorway of about seven thousand kilometres, which will unite Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria. In Ukraine, the motorway will pass through Mariupol and Odessa. This project is going to be financed through the local budgets of participant countries and assets of the World Bank and the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank affiliated to the BSEC. 11 In 1996, Ukraine participated in the project of reviving the Great Silk Road under the official name of TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe - Caucasus - Central Asia). The creation of the Eurasian highway and the Black Sea circular motorway will facilitate increased cooperation between traditional and new economic groups in Europe and Asia, such as the European Union, the Central European initiative, the Organisation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, etc. 10 Rudkovsky, N. (2006), Ukraina bude nadijnoyu lankoyu Chornomorskoi transportnoi systemy’ [‘Ukraine will be a reliable part of the Black Sea transport systems’], Press-service of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine, September 2006. http://www.mintrans.gov.ua/.../article;jsessionid=7B4A3BD7F9895E227F3F52F1FB9C790C?art_id =58210&cat_id=34595 - 65k. 11 See ‘Chornomorski krainy planuyut budivnyctvo avtoshlyahu navkolo morya’, [‘Black Sea countries planning littoral way around the sea’], BBC, 28 September 2007. http:/www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/indepth/story/2006/09/060928_business_thursday_sp.shtml - 29k 148 UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION VIEWS FROM THE REGION
The development of transport links will boost trade in the BSEC region. BSEC countries account for 30% of Ukrainian exports and 36% of its imports. Ukraine’s largest trading partners within the BSEC are Russia, accounting for 18.5% of Ukrainian exports and for 33% of its imports, and Turkey, with 5% and 1.5% respectively. 12 Ukraine has also taken active part in the creation of high-tech communication infrastructure for the region. In this respect, the fibre-optical connection project of ITUR (Italy-Turkey- Ukraine-Russia) is very important and foresees a port to the Eurasian cable, which connects Western Europe to Japan and Korea. An underwater Black Sea fibre-optical communication system Varna – Odessa - Novorossiysk - Poti has started functioning. The system is integrated in the international telecommunication system of TEL (Tran European Lines), which connects European countries to Near/Middle East. Since 2006, Ukraine has been the country coordinator of the Working Group of the BSEC on Information and Communications Technologies. New Workings Groups on cultural and educational issues were recently established within the BSEC. Ukraine takes part in the BSEC investment activities. As one of the founders of the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank (BSTDB), Ukraine’s share of the Bank’s capital amounts to 13.5% of shares ($1 billion). 13 Ukraine transferred to the bank an authorised capital of near $150 million in different forms. At the same time, the BSTDB granted credit to Greek companies to build ships on the Ukrainian dockyards in Mykolaiv. Owing to the Bank, a corn terminal was built in the Odessa port as well as a gas-compressor station in the Odessa region. 14 At the BSEC Summit in Sochi, in autumn 2006, Ukraine brought the participants’ attention to the potential of the Project Development Fund (PDF) created by the BSEC. The Fund is financed so far by voluntary contributions of member states and helps in the preparation of business projects which are at a pre-feasibility stage seeking partners or funding. 12 Estimations provided by the author. For official data on Ukraine’s foreign trade see IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics, Washington. Also on Ukraine’s trade with the BSEC countries see Manoli, Panagiota (2005), ‘Limiting Integration: Transnational Exchanges and Demand in the BSEC Area’, Agora Without Frontiers, vol. 10, no. 4, Institute of International Economic Relations, Athens, March-May, pp. 268-291. 13 Sokolenko, S.I. (1998), ‘Globalnyje rynki XXI stoletiya: Perspektivy Ukrainy’, [The global markets of XXI century: Prospects of Ukraine], Logos, p. 568. 14 See ‘OCHES Mozge Suttyevo Posylyty Vplyv Na Processy Zgyttyedijalnosti Krain Regionu’ – vvazgaye koordynator uchasti krainy v OCHES Andriy Kononenko.) [Interview of Andriy Kononenko. ‘BSEC can strengthen essentially its influence on processes in the region’], Ukrinform, 23 January 2007, http://www.bsanna-news.ukrinform. ua/newsitem.php?id=0259&lang=ua - 23k. X E N O P H O N P A P E R no 2 149
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Styopa Safaryan, Elkhan Nuriyev, Ma
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International Centre for Black Sea
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The Policy of Ukraine towards the B
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INTRODUCTION Panagiota Manoli This
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‘exchange of views’ into concre
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would also ensure its integration w
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Between optimism and pessimism: Arm
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Affirming their determination to ma
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Low regional cooperation isolating
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objective of the official policies
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number of foreign tourists who also
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● ● ● conditions. The absence
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AZERBAIJAN AND THE WIDER BLACK SEA
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monopolisation of oil supplies by a
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significance of Azerbaijan as a key
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Paradoxically, Azerbaijan assumed t
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elationship between Azerbaijan, Geo
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has furthermore been a keen support
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and four of them are with regional
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The Southeast Europe Defence Minist
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NATO’s reach at the Black Sea sho
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Secondly, there is the ENP mechanis
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in the Black Sea area perceive the
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outside. There are various factors
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to start, but now all are taking of
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Trade and economic relations of Geo
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development. Nevertheless, during i
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● ● ● ● Additional Protocol
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Although regional cooperation appea
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cooperation’ in the Strategy Pape
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the primary responsibility of the U
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through joint efforts the constant
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for the first time, and several min
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The Black Sea region has been an ar
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Based on its experience from EU int
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at a rapid pace. 14 It is estimated
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Fund of the BSEC. Along with the UN
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music, etc.). Greece has also under
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The process of opening up the dialo
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Turkish foreign policy on the other
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THE POLICY OF MOLDOVA TOWARDS THE B
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Transnistria). The region is also a
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meanings of the whole region. If th
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Ministers. This does not address ho
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establishment of parallel overlappi
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to new and diversified markets. In
Page 99 and 100: that both the EU and NATO enlargeme
Page 101 and 102: adjusting them to fit the emerging
Page 103 and 104: THE POLICY OF ROMANIA TOWARDS THE B
Page 105 and 106: they have undertaken. The involveme
Page 107 and 108: Along with Greece and other BSEC co
Page 109 and 110: unsettled disputes in the region on
Page 111 and 112: and timeliness of its participation
Page 113 and 114: UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO
Page 115 and 116: separatism. Many regional countries
Page 117 and 118: Russia’s contribution to the BSEC
Page 119 and 120: What is the balance sheet of EU-Rus
Page 121 and 122: THE POLICY OF SERBIA TOWARDS THE BS
Page 123 and 124: At the very outset of dealing with
Page 125 and 126: The very concept of various paces o
Page 127 and 128: problems concerns the first proclai
Page 129: efore the UN and other global fora.
Page 132 and 133: the terrorist attacks of 9/11 (in N
Page 134 and 135: After an enthusiastic start, howeve
Page 136 and 137: creation in the region since 1992.
Page 138 and 139: Although the initial step of the BS
Page 140 and 141: BSEC-EU Interaction after the ‘Bl
Page 142 and 143: one of the most conflict-prone regi
Page 144 and 145: The BSEC offers Ukraine the chance
Page 146 and 147: ethnic colouring. 2 Moreover, the i
Page 148 and 149: Cooperation, which took place in Ky
Page 152 and 153: Ukraine has already implemented a f
Page 154 and 155: are being put forward by its member
Page 156 and 157: Strategically important transport p
Page 159 and 160: CONCLUSIONS: BALANCING NATIONAL INT
Page 161: een lagging behind the other transi
Page 164 and 165: most notably of Crime and Social Co
Page 166 and 167: School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts
Page 168: HELBROK ICBSS ID INOGATE INSME IPAP
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