Xenophon Paper 2 pdf - ICBSS

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Based on its experience from EU integration, Greece pursued a systematic policy of facilitating the integration of its northern region in the NATO and EU structures as the best tool of long-term and well rooted stability. NATO membership would provide an immediate security umbrella while EU accession would require the fundamental reform and Europeanization of those societies. The Greek economy had long suffered from closed borders in its North (i.e. Cold War period) which had kept the country away from its neighbouring natural markets. The integration of Bulgaria and Romania in the EU shifted the EU’s centre of gravity closer to Greece and ended its geographical isolation from the rest of EU territory. Greece has supported with the same intensity the political dialogue between the Euroatlantic structures and the countries in the Caucasus as well as with Ukraine, in the same logic. Bilateral affairs between Greece and several of the Black Sea countries (Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine) develop within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy, the new policy device of the EU towards the region. In its bilateral relations with the Black Sea countries, Greece has employed the EU approach as far as security issues are concerned: - the conclusion of political and economic reforms, along the democratisation process and the establishment of the rule of law; - the security of energy pipelines and of the supply of oil and gas; - peace and stability in the region through the resolution of the ‘frozen’ - conflicts within the existing mechanisms of the international community. As far as the ‘frozen’ conflicts are concerned, the position of Greece has been evolving around the following pillars: - peaceful resolution of conflicts through the international community; - respect of territorial integrity and state sovereignty; - respect of the national and specific cultural identity of each group of people within a state, of the rule of law, democratic governance and of individual and communal rights. Black Sea regionalism and integration of the countries of the region into the Euroatlantic structures have been treated by Greece as mutually reinforcing processes. A business driven regional interest? Despite the fact that Greece is not a Black Sea littoral state, it has long cultivated its Black Sea identity stressing its links with the peoples and the destiny of the region. History has been a tool often used to underline the longstanding interests of Greece in the area. Population of Greek origin has been always present in the countries neighbouring the Black Sea and creating economic, cultural and political ties with the Greek mainland. 72 UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION VIEWS FROM THE REGION
In modern times besides the existence of a number of Greek communities in the region, it is mainly businessmen that have expanded their activities and moved their enterprises and presence in the neighbouring new emerging markets. The true scale of Greece’s involvement both in commerce and in investment within the region is demonstrated by the fact that commercial transactions between BSEC countries and Greece almost quadrupled in the period 1992-2003 and are continuing to increase X E N O P H O N P A P E R no 2 73
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Styopa Safaryan, Elkhan Nuriyev, Ma
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International Centre for Black Sea
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The Policy of Ukraine towards the B
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INTRODUCTION Panagiota Manoli This
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‘exchange of views’ into concre
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would also ensure its integration w
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Between optimism and pessimism: Arm
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Affirming their determination to ma
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Low regional cooperation isolating
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objective of the official policies
Page 24 and 25: number of foreign tourists who also
Page 26 and 27: ● ● ● conditions. The absence
Page 29 and 30: AZERBAIJAN AND THE WIDER BLACK SEA
Page 31 and 32: monopolisation of oil supplies by a
Page 33 and 34: significance of Azerbaijan as a key
Page 35 and 36: Paradoxically, Azerbaijan assumed t
Page 37: elationship between Azerbaijan, Geo
Page 40 and 41: has furthermore been a keen support
Page 42 and 43: and four of them are with regional
Page 44 and 45: The Southeast Europe Defence Minist
Page 46 and 47: NATO’s reach at the Black Sea sho
Page 48 and 49: Secondly, there is the ENP mechanis
Page 50 and 51: in the Black Sea area perceive the
Page 52 and 53: outside. There are various factors
Page 54 and 55: to start, but now all are taking of
Page 56 and 57: Trade and economic relations of Geo
Page 58 and 59: development. Nevertheless, during i
Page 60 and 61: ● ● ● ● Additional Protocol
Page 62 and 63: Although regional cooperation appea
Page 64 and 65: cooperation’ in the Strategy Pape
Page 66 and 67: the primary responsibility of the U
Page 68 and 69: through joint efforts the constant
Page 70 and 71: for the first time, and several min
Page 72 and 73: The Black Sea region has been an ar
Page 76 and 77: at a rapid pace. 14 It is estimated
Page 78 and 79: Fund of the BSEC. Along with the UN
Page 80 and 81: music, etc.). Greece has also under
Page 82 and 83: The process of opening up the dialo
Page 84 and 85: Turkish foreign policy on the other
Page 87 and 88: THE POLICY OF MOLDOVA TOWARDS THE B
Page 89 and 90: Transnistria). The region is also a
Page 91 and 92: meanings of the whole region. If th
Page 93 and 94: Ministers. This does not address ho
Page 95 and 96: establishment of parallel overlappi
Page 97 and 98: to new and diversified markets. In
Page 99 and 100: that both the EU and NATO enlargeme
Page 101 and 102: adjusting them to fit the emerging
Page 103 and 104: THE POLICY OF ROMANIA TOWARDS THE B
Page 105 and 106: they have undertaken. The involveme
Page 107 and 108: Along with Greece and other BSEC co
Page 109 and 110: unsettled disputes in the region on
Page 111 and 112: and timeliness of its participation
Page 113 and 114: UNFOLDING THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO
Page 115 and 116: separatism. Many regional countries
Page 117 and 118: Russia’s contribution to the BSEC
Page 119 and 120: What is the balance sheet of EU-Rus
Page 121 and 122: THE POLICY OF SERBIA TOWARDS THE BS
Page 123 and 124: At the very outset of dealing with
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The very concept of various paces o
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problems concerns the first proclai
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efore the UN and other global fora.
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the terrorist attacks of 9/11 (in N
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After an enthusiastic start, howeve
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creation in the region since 1992.
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Although the initial step of the BS
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BSEC-EU Interaction after the ‘Bl
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one of the most conflict-prone regi
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The BSEC offers Ukraine the chance
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ethnic colouring. 2 Moreover, the i
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Cooperation, which took place in Ky
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A number of meetings between minist
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Ukraine has already implemented a f
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are being put forward by its member
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Strategically important transport p
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CONCLUSIONS: BALANCING NATIONAL INT
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een lagging behind the other transi
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most notably of Crime and Social Co
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School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts
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