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(conventional normalisations, normalising by observed extrema, and normalising by Z-scores), using three criteria (statisticalpower, repeatability, similarity of results). The results suggest that the choice of normalisation method is far more important thanthe choice of measurement method and that the best combination for measuring acceptability is an N-Point Scale normalised byZ-scores.Philothe Mwamba Kabasele (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Session 83Testing the Matrix Language Frame model with evidence from Lingala-French code-switchingThis work investigates the universality of the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton (2002). The work teststhe model by using bilingual data, which display code-switching between French and the low variety of Lingala. The concern ofthe work is to test the constraints that are posited in terms of principles, which claim that the Matrix Language dictates themorphosyntactic frame of a bilingual Complementizer Phrase. Findings have shown that the ML model failed to account for anumber of situations; such was the case of morpheme order principle and double morphology with the outsider late systemmorphemes.Laura Kalin (University of California, Los Angeles) Session 41Argument licensing and dummy imperfective aspect in SenayaThis paper investigates an intriguing last resort mechanism in Senaya, a Neo-Aramaic language of Iran. In Senaya, imperfectiveaspectual structure (which carries a phi-probe) may be added to a perfective derivation to license a DP that would otherwise fail toenter into a (required) phi-agreement relation; the clause is still interpreted as perfective thanks to the verbal prefix ‘tm-’, whichsurfaces in just this instance. I propose a structure for this derivation and argue that this novel Senaya data necessitates a morepowerful theory of last resort mechanisms, where they may recruit dedicated lexical items and occur throughout a derivation.Susan E. Kalt (Boston College) Session 30Changing the heritage: does borrowing from L2 Spanish impact L1 Rural Child Quechua?Cusco-Collao Quechua is a case-marking and agreement-marking OV language whose rural speakers first encounter the VOlanguage Spanish by immersion upon entering school. This controlled study of 105 rural Peruvian and Bolivian schoolchildren'sQuechua examines whether borrowing from L2 Spanish roots and affixes correlates with changes in syntactic representation ofL1. One might expect a positive correlation between borrowing, VO and missing accusative case, but this is not found. Childrenfrom Chuquisaca, Bolivia borrow roots and affixes at a higher rate than children from Cusco, Peru, and frequently drop accusativecase, while VO is found at higher rates in Cusco.David Kamholz (University of California, Berkeley) Session 6Tonogenesis in Yerisiam, an Austronesian language of West New GuineaYerisiam is a previously undescribed Austronesian language of Papua province, Indonesia, belonging to the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup. Yerisiam has developed contrastive tone and vowel length. The historical emergence of tone andvowel length is primarily the result of two processes: (1) lengthening of penultimate syllables, and more strikingly, (2) low toneconditioned by final a. The lowering effect of a has also been observed in Cèmuhî, an Oceanic language of New Caledonia. Theindependent attestation of this phenomenon in two languages suggests a common phonetic mechanism, possibly derived from theintrinsically lower F0 of low vowels.David Kamholz (University of California, Berkeley) Session 24Harald Hammarström (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen/Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology)Duvle–WanoA highland–lowland trade pidgin of West New Guinea Duvle–Wano Pidgin (DWP) is a previously undescribed trade languagespoken by the lowland Duvle (Lakes Plain family) and highland Wano (Dani family) in Papua province, Indonesia. The Duvleand Wano have a long--‐standing trade relationship in which DWP is the primary means of communication. DWP meets thecriteria for a pidgin: it is not either group’s primary language and has its own structural norms. The attested DWP lexicon is 60%from Duvle, 10% from Wano, and 30% unknown (probably unique to DWP). DWP preserves the SOV basic word order of itssource languages and exhibits substantial morphological simplification.165