A Greater Australia: Population, policies and governance - CEDA

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Section 3.1ConclusionWe have an understanding of the extent to which support for immigration may beeroded. Surveys in the United Kingdom in 2003 and 2009–11 indicate a level of supportfor current levels of immigration in the range 22–25 per cent.Table 12Survey results – attitudes to the level of immigration, United KingdomIncreaseRemain the same(Increase & remainthe same)Decrease2003 6% 16% 22% 78%2009–10 3% 19% 22% 78%2011 6% 20% 25% 73%Source: World Values survey 2003; Citizenship Survey 2009–10; Migration Observatory/ Ipsos MORI 2011This low level of support occurred in a context in which the perception of race relations/immigration as the “most important issue today” increased 13-fold between 1997 and2006, from three per cent to 40 per cent. 32The pattern of international polling considered above indicates that of first worldcountries, public support for immigration was highest in Canada and Australia, rivalledat times only by Sweden. Where the level of support for immigration in the UnitedKingdom is in the range 22–25 per cent, in Canada and Australia it has been supportedby majority opinion over the last decade.Australian surveys indicate that the significance of the immigration issue increased inthe period 2008–2010, but even at its peak (registered in one survey) it was selectedas the top ranked issue by only 20 per cent of respondents. The Scanlon Foundationsurveys in 2010 and 2011 found that it was ranked first by 14 per cent, of whomone-third were concerned not by the level of immigration, but by harsh governmentpolicies.Opinion on immigration has been shown to be volatile in Australia. But the high levelof support for a non-discriminatory immigration program has been maintained, alongwith positive valuation of immigration. In the 2011 Scanlon Foundation survey over 65per cent agreed or strongly agreed that: “Accepting immigrants from different countriesmakes Australia stronger”.The major challenges in 2012 concern policy to be adopted towards asylum seekersarriving by boat and an issue linked in the minds of many Australians, the integration ofMuslim immigrants in Australian society.A Greater Australia: Population, Policies and Governance131
Section 3.1Endnotes1. There is also a problem raised by the mode of surveying, an issue not pursued in this analysis. Where possible, the discussiondraws on findings utilising random probability samples. In Australia the most frequent surveying is undertaken by Essential MediaCommunication, which has conducted weekly polling since November 2007 utilising non probability online panels. This mode ofsurveying is currently perceived to be less reliable than random telephone administered probability sampling. See Baker 2010: 714;Baker, R. et al. 2010 , ‘AAPOR report on online panels’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 74 (4), 2010.2. For a detailed review of Australian polling on immigration and asylum issues, see Goot and Watson 2011.3. McAllister, Ian 2005, in Shaun Wilson et al. (eds), Australian Social Attitudes: The First Report, UNSW Press, Sydney.4. NatCen, British Social Attitudes, available at http://www.natcen.au.uk5. Pollara 2003, A Pollara Report on Canadian’s Attitudes Regarding Immigration. Prepared for Citizenship and Immigration Canada,December 20036. Statistics Canada, Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS), available at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/7. European Commission Public Opinion, Eurobarometer Surveys, available at http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/cf/index.cfm?lang=en8. European Social Survey, available at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/9. Australian Survey of Social Attitudes (AuSSA), available at http://aussa.anu.edu.au/10. ISSP Research Group 2003, International Social Survey Programme, National Identity II, SPSS data file, Distributor: GESIS CologneGermany, Identification number ZA3910.11. World Values Survey, online analysis available at http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/12. ANU Australian Election Study (AES), available at http://aes.anu.edu.au13. ANU Poll, available at http://www.anu.edu.au/anupoll/14. Scanlon Foundation, Scanlon Foundation Social Cohesion Research Program, available at http://www.scalonfoundation.org.au; Markus,Andrew 2010b, Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation Surveys, 2010 Summary Report (Monash Institute for the Study ofGlobal Movements), available at http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/mapping-population/15. Ipsos 2011, ‘Nearly half of world citizens believe immigration has had a negative impact on their country’, 4 August, available at http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5298, accessed 16 December 201116. There have been attempts to argue that Canadian and Australian opinion is not supportive of current levels of immigration. The internetsite of the Canadian Centre for Immigration Policy Reform, which advocates a cut in immigration, presents the view that the proportionof Canadians supporting reduced immigration is greater than the proportion supporting increase in immigration. This view has beenargued by Martin Collacott in Canada and Katherine Betts (2010) in Australia. Thus Collacott has argued that ‘most surveys of Canadianattitudes on immigration levels show that far more respondents think they should be lowered than raised. Angus Reid polls taken overa period of almost three years, from January 1996 to October 1998, for example, indicated that 42 percent of Canadians thought wewere taking too many immigrants and only 8 percent that we were taking too few’ (2002: 39). Leading Canadian researcher ProfessorJeffrey Reitz has observed that such arguments ‘focus only on those who want change and, inexplicably, ignore the large groupwho support the policy as it is, which in many years constitutes 50 to 60 percent’. (Reitz: 10); Betts, Katherine 2010, ‘Attitudes toimmigration and population growth in Australia 1954 to 2010: an overview’, People and Place, vol. 18, no. 3; Collacott, Martin 2002,Canada’s Immigration Policy: The Need for Major Reform, Fraser Institute Occasional Paper, Public Policy Sources, no. 64.17. Citizenship and Immigration Canada: 2010. ‘Facts and figures 2010 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents’.Accessed 20 December 2010, http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2010/permanent/01.asp18. Transatlantic Trends 2010, Immigration. Key Findings 2010. The German Marshall Fund of the United States and others.19. McAllister, Ian 2005, in Shaun Wilson et al. (eds), Australian Social Attitudes: The First Report, UNSW Press, Sydney.20. Ekos 2010, Ekos Research Associates, Annual Tracking Survey – Winter 2010. Submitted to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, April2010.21. Reitz, Jeffrey 2011, Pro-immigration Canada. Social and economic roots of popular views, IRPP Study, No. 20, October.22. Reitz, Jeffrey 2011, Pro-immigration Canada. Social and economic roots of popular views, IRPP Study, No. 20, October, pp. 10.23. Goot, at Murray 1999, ‘Migrant numbers, Asian immigration and multiculturalism: trends in the polls, 1943-1998’, National MulticulturalAdvisory Council, Australian Multiculturalism for a New Century, Statistical Appendix part 2, available
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A Greater Australia:Population, pol
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ContentsForeword CEDA Chief Executi
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ForewordIt is with pleasure that I
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IntroductionResponding to the resul
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IntroductionA more dynamic and vita
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IntroductionSustainabilityConcern a
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IntroductionThe new demographics, h
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Section 1.0Historical perspectives1
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Section 1.1IntroductionJapan’s cr
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Section 1.1Figure 1Forecast number
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Section 1.1Table 1Defence spending
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Section 1.1How much defence is enou
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Section 1.1ConclusionA substantial
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Section 1.2There has been over a ce
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Section 1.2Resource constraints wer
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Section 1.2Similarly, in the 1994 H
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Section 1.2ReferencesAustralia, Dep
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Section 1.3IntroductionAustralia is
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Section 1.3The grey 90sThe heady ex
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Section 1.3Taylor’s stony rebutta
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Section 1.3Figure 1The Benhamite Op
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Section 1.3In mathematical terms, t
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Section 1.3characterisation of the
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Section 1.3ConclusionA retrospectiv
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Section 2.0Population futures2.1 Fo
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Section 2.1Conventional population
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Section 2.1It is more useful for go
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Section 2.1Forecasting of births, w
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Section 2.1Future net overseas migr
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Section 2.13). This had a lot to do
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Section 2.2IntroductionIn late Sept
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Section 2.2Figure 1The migrant cont
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Section 2.2The visa and residency s
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Section 2.2sponsorship, subject to
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Section 2.2Figure 3Historical and p
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Section 2.2The views in this chapte
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Section 2.3IntroductionThe Australi
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Section 2.3Figure 3Australia: Distr
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Section 2.3Table 2Australia: Popula
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Section 2.3Table 4Views of Australi
Page 82 and 83: Section 2.3Table 5Australian States
Page 84 and 85: Section 2.3A number of hypotheses h
Page 86 and 87: Section 2.3Table 8Australia: Distri
Page 88 and 89: Section 2.3Table 10Non-Metropolitan
Page 90 and 91: Section 2.3Policy issuesThe configu
Page 92 and 93: Section 2.3Climate change is likely
Page 94 and 95: Section 2.3ConclusionAny realistic
Page 96 and 97: Section 2.340 Swan, W., 2010.Austra
Page 98 and 99: Section 2.4IntroductionThe Australi
Page 100 and 101: Section 2.4At present there is a hi
Page 102 and 103: Section 2.4innovation initiatives w
Page 104 and 105: Section 2.4Endnotes1 Henry, K 2009,
Page 106 and 107: Section 2.5IntroductionAustralia is
Page 108 and 109: Section 2.5else. Even with a broad
Page 110 and 111: Section 2.5commercially viable - th
Page 112 and 113: Section 2.5A vast country like Aust
Page 114 and 115: Section 3.0Society and the individu
Page 116 and 117: Section 3.1Extent of public opinion
Page 119 and 120: Section 3.1category immigrant/forei
Page 121 and 122: Section 3.1The Environics Research
Page 123 and 124: Section 3.1Per cent100908070Figure
Page 125 and 126: Section 3.1A number of surveys soug
Page 127 and 128: Section 3.1Table 8Percentage who an
Page 129 and 130: Section 3.1A more precise indicatio
Page 131: Section 3.1The strongest predictor
Page 135 and 136: 3.2Social inclusion and multicultur
Page 137 and 138: Section 3.2a broader definition of
Page 139 and 140: Section 3.2Figure 1Estimated povert
Page 141 and 142: Section 3.2Table 2Visa Type of Sett
Page 143 and 144: Section 3.2Table 5First Generation
Page 145 and 146: Section 3.2Table 6Australia: First
Page 147 and 148: Section 3.2Improving outcomes for v
Page 149 and 150: Section 3.2increasing diversity of
Page 151 and 152: 3.3Linkages between education and p
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Page 155 and 156: Section 3.3In the past decade, prod
Page 157 and 158: Section 3.3succeed in education or
Page 159 and 160: Section 3.3case, funding also could
Page 161 and 162: Section 3.3Endnotes1 IGR 2010: Chal
Page 163 and 164: 3.4Healthcare delivery for our agei
Page 165 and 166: Section 3.4• Private medical serv
Page 167 and 168: Section 3.4the whole spectrum of in
Page 169 and 170: Section 3.45. Experiences, pathways
Page 171 and 172: Section 3.4Stratification of patien
Page 173 and 174: Section 3.4Other steps include impr
Page 175 and 176: Section 3.438 National Health Refor
Page 177 and 178: 4.1The economic effects ofpopulatio
Page 179 and 180: Section 4.1population growth can ex
Page 181 and 182: Section 4.1In theory, the answer pa
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Section 4.1Kirchner concedes that t
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Section 4.1Endnotes1. Productivity
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4.2Urban infrastructure and land us
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Section 4.2bearing the fixed costs
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Section 4.2Figure 1Indicative dwell
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Section 4.2Taking the electricity,
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Section 4.2Promoting better land us
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Section 4.2preferences to homeowner
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Section 4.2in any Australian urban
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Section 4.2Endnotes1 Productivity C
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4.3Water security:Water for the far
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Section 4.3Water trading enables us
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Section 4.3cent of water entitlemen
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Section 4.3were either the full eco
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Section 4.3Strategic opportunitiesA
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4.4Critiquing governmentregional de
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Section 4.4However, there is often
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Section 4.4Potential policy interve
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Section 4.4Unfortunately, advocacy
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Section 4.4contribute substantially
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Section 4.418 Department of Educati
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5.1The future of population policyG
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Section 5.1a million fewer women in
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Section 5.1For the present, ongoing
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Section 5.1The second worry is that
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Section 5.1The now significantly de
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