Acta Facultatis Ecologiae - TechnickÃ¡ univerzita vo Zvolene

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113ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: Suppl. 1, 113–118 Z<strong>vo</strong>len (Slovakia), 2007EVALUATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND ORGANICSUBSTANCES CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER OF THENATURE RESERVE ALUVIUM ŽITAVYAlexandra Palatická – Jaroslav Noskovič – Mária BabošováDepartment of Environmentalism and Zoology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources,Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra,e-mail: alex.palaticka@gmail.com, Jaroslav.Noskovic@uniag.sk, Maria.Babosova@uniag.skABSTRACTPalatická A., Noskovič J. & Babošová M. Evaluation of Dissolved Oxygen and Organic SubstancesConcentrations in Water of the Nature Reserve Aluvium ŽitavyIn 2006 concentrations of dissolved oxygen and organic substances were evaluated in water in the NatureReserve Aluvium Žitavy (indirect method based on their oxidation by K 2Cr 2O 7was used). The resultsare represented in mg O 2.l –1 . Taking of samples took place in 6 sampling sites in regular month intervals.Based on obtained data and according to the standard STN 75 7221 (Water quality – The classificationof the water surface quality) water in individual sampling sites was ranked into the classes of the watersurface quality.From the data it is clear that the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and organic substances in theNature Reserve Aluvium Žitavy changed in dependence on sampling sites and time. The highest mean concentrationsof dissolved oxygen in dependence on sampling time were found out in spring months and thelowest concentrations in summer months. They ranged from 1.6 mg O 2.l –1 (July) to 9.0 mg O 2.l –1 (March).Falling dissolved oxygen values can be related to successive increase of water temperature, thus goodconditions were created for decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in water and sedimentsin which they use dissolved oxygen. In dependence on sampling place the highest mean concentration ofdissolved oxygen was in sampling site No. 4 (6.0 mg O 2.l –1 ) which is situated in the narrowest place in theNR. The lowest value was in sampling site No. 2 (3.6 mg O 2.l –1 ) which is a typical wetland ecosystem.High mean values of COD Crin dependence on sampling time were determined in summer months andlow values during winter moths. Dependence of COD Crvalues on sampling site was also manifested. Thelowest mean value was obtained in sampling site No. 4 (59.5 mg.l –1 ) and the highest value in sampling siteNo. 5 (97,1 mg.l –1 ) which is also a typical wetland. Based on the results and according to the STN 75 7221we ranked water in all sampling sites into the 5th class of the water surface quality (very strongly pollutedwater).Key words: dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, organic substances, surface water quality,wetlandINTRODUCTIONOxygen is the basic indicator of water environmentfeatures. Total revival of aquatic ecosystemsas well as majority of chemical and biochemicalprocesses depend on content of dissolved oxygen(Hudec, 1996). The concentration of dissolvedoxygen in water depends on temperature andpartial pressure of oxygen in gaseous phase (Šálek,1999). Water is able to receive more oxygenwhen the temperature is lower and the pressure ishigher (Strauss, 1992). The amount of dissolvedoxygen also decreases with the depth of water. Incritical situations on the ground it can decrease belowthe value of 1,0 mg.l –1 (Brveník et al. 2003).Oxygen is used in respiration of aquatic organisms,
114especially decomposers and consumers. Whenthere are fa<strong>vo</strong>urable weather conditions during theday it is produced in the process of photosynthesisby producers. It is also gained due to a contact ofwater level with atmosphere (Šálek, 1999). In highproductive waters, such as shallow lakes, pondsand slowly flowing rivers with many macrophytesand enough nutrients, there is a higher concentrationof oxygen and lower amount of carbon dioxideduring the day. At night there is the opposite situation(www.fns.uniba.sk).There are lots of different organic substances inwaters. The source of these substances are productsof photosynthesis of algae and aquatic vegetation,losses through photosynthesis, organic compoundswhich are released in hydrolysis and as a result ofdecomposition of dead animals by microorganisms.Increased content of easy degradable organicsubstances deplete large amount of oxygen fromthe water and thus it can fall up to zero (Kubíček,Lellák, 1991).Individual determination of individual organicsubstances is very complicated and thereforethe methods were sought to make possible to userepresentation of the total organic substances concentrationin the water and to describe the rate oftotal water pollution (Gábriš et al., 1998). Most ofthem are subjected to biochemical oxidation whichis conected with oxygen consumption. Some substancesare not oxidated biochemically but they areoxidated chemically (Streďanský et al., 2005).Indirect laboratory methods based on chemicalor biochemical oxidation are usually used todetermine the organic substances in waters. Fromchemical methods we use the oxidation with permanganatepotassium (Kubelova method) and thepotassium dichromate method. However, permanganatepotassium does not oxidize all organic substances(weaker oxidizer). Therefore, the dichromatemethod is more suitable and it is also calledthe chemical oxygen demand (COD).MATERIAL AND METHODThe Nature Reserve (NR) Aluvium Žitavy issituated in cadastral land of the village Martovce,22 km north of the district Komárno. The area liesin Podunajská Lowland, on the bottom land of therivers Žitava and Nitra, at an altitude of 107–112 masl (www.dunajsko.sk). It belongs to the catchmentsarea of the river Nitra which joins the riverVáh. Aluvium Žitavy was established as the NatureReserve in 1993, mainly for protection of biotopesof European importance (riverine willow-poplarand alder wood forests) and other species of Europeanimportance (Proterorhinus sp., Rhodeus amarus,Gobio albipinnatus, Bombina bombina, Lutralutra, Citellus citellus) (www.martovce.sk). Aluviumis the part of CHKO Dunajské luhy (www.chu.enviroportal.sk). Its area is 32,53 ha. Its larger partis flooded along the year, but especially in spring.There are different biotopes, aquatic, wetland andriverine vegetation. Riverine forests, particularlywillow stands, almost along Aluvium provide suitableecological conditions for nesting of avifauna aswell as hiding places. There are more than 76 birdspecies occurring in this area (www.zitava.sk).As for the climate, the territory belongs to dryor slightly dry region and is ranked among the driestregions in Slovakia. The average annual temperatureis 9.9 °C, the coldest month is January(with an average month temperature –2.1 °C) andthe warmest month is July (with an average monthtemperature 20.5 °C). The average annual precipitationsrepresents 550–600 mm, most of it falling inMay, June and July (www.martovce.sk).In term of geology, the area is created by quaternary,recent and alluvial sediments. Only in theeastern part of the area there are quaternary Pleistoceneblown sands and sand dunes.Concerning the hydrogeology quaternary sandsand gravels superimposed with loess form a baserock (bedrock). Haplic chernozems, haplic gleysolsand mollic fluvisols are the main soil types (www.martovce.sk).The research area belongs to the agricultural regionwith high productivity specialized in growingcereals, oilseeds, sugarbeet and trifolium. Animalproduction is focused on pig and poultry breeding(www.martovce.sk).NR Aluvium Žitavy has a high biological valueand observes an important function for preservationof fauna and flora gene pool. The rarest living avifaunaspecies are for example Ardea sp., Remiz sp.,Botaurus sp., Circus sp., Anas sp., Acrocephalussp., Charadrius sp., Locustella sp. Leucojum aestivumgrows in the NR and protected Nuphar luteaoccurs on the water level. Limna minor forms greencover on the water level. There are wetland speciesof flora, from which stands of Phragmites australis,
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OBSAH / CONTENTSISOL M., MICHALÍKO
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19are lower in ill patients compare
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26the load during its exposure to f
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28Tradescantia paludosa 02 test and
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30Tab. 5: Results of positive contr
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35DISCUSSIONThe ionising radiation
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39222Rn is produced by radioactive
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41180160140this reason we also pick
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435001450400350hKz0,8h [m]300250200
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46deposit is that stripped in off-l
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48TruenessTrueness was determined i
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50MATERIAL AND METHODSChloroform (p
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52absorbance [a.u.]1,000,750,500,25
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54Tab. 1: Rrequirements determinati
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56Methods of VOC testing were set a
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59Tab. 6: ContinuedSamples withsurf
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Page 64 and 65: 63One of the possible explanations
Page 66 and 67: 65Ai - Ai-1 [Bq.m -3 ]86420-2-4-6-8
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Page 70 and 71: 69BiodegradabilityThe great variety
Page 72 and 73: 71degradation starts of late days,
Page 74 and 75: 73Fig. 4 Treated (after 28 days of
Page 76: 75parameters of the cutting process
Page 80 and 81: 79Fraction: D (residual rest) prese
Page 82: 81was not confirmed. Maximum of mer
Page 85 and 86: 84Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of atomi
Page 87 and 88: 86Alpha spectrometryAlpha spectrome
Page 89 and 90: 8880007000y = 6622xR 2 = 0.939SIMS
Page 92 and 93: 91ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: Su
Page 94 and 95: 93Gemer according to the German mod
Page 96 and 97: 95Tab. 1 Results of the chemical an
Page 98 and 99: 97Continuation of Tab. 2 Results of
Page 100 and 101: 99Vlčia Dolina and from the reserv
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Page 104 and 105: 103mg.dm -3mg.dm -35,004,003,002,00
Page 106 and 107: 105year and the average value repre
Page 110 and 111: 109Sample site 1 Sample site 2 Samp
Page 112 and 113: 111As for the sampling time (Fig. 5
Page 116 and 117: 115Typha latifolia, Carex sp., Scir
Page 118 and 119: 117conditions for decomposition of
Page 122 and 123: 121from the background (derived fro
Page 124 and 125: 12311. PETROVSKÝ, E., ELWOOD, B.:
Page 128 and 129: 1272.52.0Correlation coefficient 0,
Page 132 and 133: 131RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable 2 gi
Page 136 and 137: 135V-1 BOREHOLEThe courses of 222 R
Page 138 and 139: 137AV-2 (40m) 2006A ( 222 Rn) [kBq/
Page 140 and 141: 139soaks into the soil, another par
Page 144 and 145: 143Fig. 2 The continuous monitoring
Page 146 and 147: 145Indoor radon activity concentrat
Page 150 and 151: 149Fig. 1 Podlipa dump-fieldCanada)
Page 152 and 153: 151concentrations of Fe. Cu. Cd. Ni
Page 154 and 155: 153DUMP-FIELDREFERENCE SITEppm15001
Page 156 and 157: 155Fig. 5 Compression of wood forma
Page 158 and 159: 157decrease in the following order:
Page 162 and 163: 161SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OFFACTORS THAT
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163ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: S
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165The methods developed to incorpo
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167The effects of wind on ozone con
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169Fig. 6 Mean total and stomatal f
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171transport modelling in North Ame
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Acta Facultatis Ecologiae, Volume 1
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