Acta Facultatis Ecologiae - TechnickÃ¡ univerzita vo Zvolene

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23ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: Suppl. 1, 23– 26 Zvolen (Slovakia), 2007MICROWAVE HEATING OF FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPALWASTE INCINERATORMilota Kováčová 1 − Silvia Čuvanová 1 – Michal Lovás 1 – Štefan Jakabský 1– Cristina Leonelli 2 – Paolo Veronesi 2 – Dino Boccaccini 21Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 043 53 Košice, Slovakia,e-mail: kovacova@saske.sk, cuvanova@saske.sk, lovasm@saske.sk, jakabsky@saske.sk2University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering,Via Vignolese 905, 41 100 Modena, Italy, e-mail:leonelli@unimore.it, paolov@unimore.it, boccaccini@unimo.itABSTRACTKováčová M., Čuvanová S., Lovás M., Jakabský Š., Leonelli C., Veronesi P. & Boccaccini D. MicrowaveHeating of Fly Ash from Municipal Waste IncineratorThe paper is aimed at the research of microwave heating of the fly ash from the municipal waste incineratorin Košice. Before heating, two kinds of fly ashes (from filter and cyclon) were analysed by the XPSmethod. The samples were heated in the single mode furnace. The microwave heating was focused, thelocal melting of the samples was confirmed. The evolution of the gases was followed during heating.Key words: fly ash, municipal waste incinerator, microwave heating, powerINTRODUCTIONIn the developed countries, each inhabitant isestimated to produce more than 1 kg/day of municipalsolid waste (MSW). Recycling, which impliesa careful selection and classification of the waste, issuitable for only about 50 % of MSW, in principleglass and aluminium. The disposal of the non–recyclablefraction of MSW, generally involves dumpingin landfills or incineration. Landfill disposal ismore and more discouraged due to the possibilitythat the integrity of dumps might be lost (causingthe leaching of materials into water beds), by moresevere legal restrictions in all industrial countries(which impose the preliminary inertization of theresidues) by the growing hostility of the populationsand, above all, by the rising economic and environmentalcosts of landfill disposal.The incineration of municipal waste is a wayhow to reduce their quantity. However, incinerationalso comes with their own problems, because thesolid residues (fly ashes, bottom ashes and slag),which are produced in the proportion of 15–25 %of the MSW incinerated) may contain hazardousmaterials such as dioxines and heavy metals, andtherefore need to be stabilized (1, 2).The fly ashes used in experiments are from themunicipal waste incinerator from Košice (Slovakia),where the production was 1896 t of fly ash in2006 (this number is a sum of fly ash from cyclon,filters and additives).According to the literature (3), the design ofthe applicators is critical to microwave heating becausemicrowave energy is transferred to materialsthrough the applicators. The type of applicatorsused in the microwave processing system often dependson the materials to be processed. The maindifference between these systems consists of:– single mode cavities tend to have one „hot spot“where the microwave field strength is high (hotspot means local overheating of material due toselective heating of material and non-uniformelectromagnetic field distribution). The size ofsingle mode applicators is approximately onewavelength.
24– multimode cavities are usually larger than onewavelength and support multiple modes, i.e.patterns of electromagnetic field distribution.The number of possible resonant modes increaseswith the increasing size of microwavecavity, which cause the higher occurrence ofhot spots leading to a somehow better heatinghomogeneity.The paper is aimed at the evaluation of microwaveheating of MWI fly ash in single mode cavityat various power output. This configurationwas chosen despite the expected unhomogeneity,because the electromagnetic field distribution insingle mode applicators is known and the presenceof impedance matching devices (short circuit,3-stub tuner) can be used to compensate for samplesproperties variations, thus maximizing energyefficiency.EXPERIMENTAL PARTMaterialThe fly ash from the municipal waste incinerator(MWI) from Košice (Eastern Slovakia) wasused for the experimental study. Fly ash was caughtin filters (flyashF) and cyclones (flyashC) duringtreatment of gases from the incineration process.The chemical analysis of fly ash by XPS (X-rayphotoelectron spectrometry) is shown in Tab. 1.Tab. 1: Chemical analysis of fly ash from filter and cyclonElementsWeight [at.%]flyashF flyashCSi 4.21 0.75Al 1.89 0C 29.07 31.26O 37.54 23.86S 1.58 3.53Mg 1.48 1.04Ca 11.91 11.66Na 1.36 1.36K 1.51 3.13Fe 0.41 0F 1.7 0.48Cl 6.19 21.67Zn 1.07 1.13Pb ~ 0.08 0.13power [W]power [W]power [W]10008006004002001000power [W]1000800600400800600400200t [°C]fwd [W]refl [W]diss [W]000 100 200 300 400 500time [s]t [°C]fwd [W]refl [W]diss [W]000 100 200 300 400 500time [s]1000800600400200200t [°C]fwd [W]200refl [W]0diss [W]00 100 200 300 400time [s]1000Fig. 1 Microwave heating of FlyashF-300(single mode, power 300 W)800600400200Fig. 3 Microwave heating of FlyashF-870(single mode, power 870 W)Fig. 2 Microwave heating of FlyashC-300(single mode, power 300 W)t [°C]fwd [W]refl [W]diss [W]00 100 200 300 400 500 600time [s]100080060040010008006004002008006004002000temperature [°C]temperature [°C]temperature [°C]1000temperature [°C]Fig. 4 Microwave heating of FlyashC-870(single mode, power 870 W)
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Page 20 and 21: 19are lower in ill patients compare
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Page 40 and 41: 39222Rn is produced by radioactive
Page 42 and 43: 41180160140this reason we also pick
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Page 47 and 48: 46deposit is that stripped in off-l
Page 49 and 50: 48TruenessTrueness was determined i
Page 51 and 52: 50MATERIAL AND METHODSChloroform (p
Page 53 and 54: 52absorbance [a.u.]1,000,750,500,25
Page 55 and 56: 54Tab. 1: Rrequirements determinati
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Page 70 and 71: 69BiodegradabilityThe great variety
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73Fig. 4 Treated (after 28 days of
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75parameters of the cutting process
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79Fraction: D (residual rest) prese
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81was not confirmed. Maximum of mer
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84Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of atomi
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86Alpha spectrometryAlpha spectrome
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8880007000y = 6622xR 2 = 0.939SIMS
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91ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: Su
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93Gemer according to the German mod
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95Tab. 1 Results of the chemical an
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97Continuation of Tab. 2 Results of
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99Vlčia Dolina and from the reserv
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101ACTA FACULTATIS ECOLOGIAE, 16: S
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103mg.dm -3mg.dm -35,004,003,002,00
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105year and the average value repre
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109Sample site 1 Sample site 2 Samp
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111As for the sampling time (Fig. 5
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115Typha latifolia, Carex sp., Scir
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117conditions for decomposition of
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121from the background (derived fro
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12311. PETROVSKÝ, E., ELWOOD, B.:
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1272.52.0Correlation coefficient 0,
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131RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable 2 gi
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135V-1 BOREHOLEThe courses of 222 R
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137AV-2 (40m) 2006A ( 222 Rn) [kBq/
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139soaks into the soil, another par
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143Fig. 2 The continuous monitoring
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145Indoor radon activity concentrat
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149Fig. 1 Podlipa dump-fieldCanada)
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151concentrations of Fe. Cu. Cd. Ni
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153DUMP-FIELDREFERENCE SITEppm15001
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155Fig. 5 Compression of wood forma
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157decrease in the following order:
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161SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OFFACTORS THAT
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165The methods developed to incorpo
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167The effects of wind on ozone con
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169Fig. 6 Mean total and stomatal f
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171transport modelling in North Ame
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Acta Facultatis Ecologiae, Volume 1
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