(DTIS) Update, Volume 1 â Main report - Enhanced Integrated ...

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Figure 6.4a: number of lawyers per100,000 inhabitantsMauritiusSouth AfricaKenyaZambiaRwandaUgandaTanzaniaMalawiBurundi5.74.63.72.121.718.946.239.20 10 20 30 40 50Source: World Bank (2010); Niyongabo (2011) andand OPC figures for BurundiFigure 6.4b: number of accountantsper 100,000 inhabitantsMauritiusSouth AfricaKenyaTanzaniaMalawiUgandaBurundiZambiaRwanda147.73.42.31.71.20.94890.50 20 40 60 80 100Source: World Bank (2010); Niyongabo (2011)and OPCThe limited availability of accounting professionals: in 2010, the professional association OPC(Ordre des Professionnels Comptables) had 17 institutional members (audit firms) and 144 individualmembers, including 40 auditors (category A), 20 accountants (category B), 5 tax advisors (category C)and 79 employees of public or private firms practicing accounting tasks (category D) 101 . A 2007 <strong>report</strong>on the sector estimated that, due to limitations of the Burundian higher education system, manyprofessionals working as accountants in Burundi do not have the academic level recommended by theInternational Federation of Accountants (IFAC) (World Bank/ IMF 2007). The OPC plans to increaseeducation requirements and offer additional training to its members. However, given the small size andlimited accounting needs of most businesses in Burundi, the country would also likely benefit from anincreased number of mid-level accounting technicians 102 , but there is currently no legal framework ortraining program in place for technicians. It appears that a few foreign accountants – mainly from EastAfrica - are employed by accounting firms in Burundi. Foreign firms, notably form Mauritius, Kenya,France or Belgium occasionally provide accounting and auditing services.The limited availability of engineering professionals: concerning engineering services, capturing thenumber of professionals practicing in Africa accurately is more difficult. Burundi does not have aprofessional engineering body (even if present, registration with those bodies is often patchy). Hence, toshed some light on the availability of engineers in Burundi and other African countries we rely onresponses to the survey conducted by the World Economic Forum for the yearly Global CompetitivenessReport. Respondents were asked to assess the availability of scientists and engineers in their respectivecountries, ranked from 1 = nonexistent or rare, to 7 = widely available. The results of the 2012 survey fora sample of Eastern and Southern African countries are illustrated in Figure 6.5, which shows the ratherlimited availability of engineers in Burundi.101Source: March 2010 presentation by OPC (Accessible at http://www.ileapjeicp.org/downloads/burundi_march_2010/presentations/session_viii-comptables.pdf)102 The limited availability of middle-level professionals in professional services is a pervasive problem in EastAfrica, see World Bank (2010c).124 / 153
MadagascarCameroonSenegalKenyaMalawiZambiaUgandaGhanaTanzaniaSouth AfricaBotswanaBurundiMauritiusEthiopiaMozambiqueNamibiaLesothoFigure 6.5: Availability of scientists and engineers4.364.324.214.044.043.793.783.663.433.43.383.333.323.123.092.832.8Source: World Economic Forum 2012, index from 1 (not at all) à 7 (widely available)3.2. Factors accounting for this limited availability of professionalsAvailable evidence suggests that the current demand for professional services might be limited,which may partly explain the low number of professionals. Results of a business survey undertakenas part of the Professional Services Knowledge Platform Project (forthcoming in 2012) indicate thatusage of accounting and legal services is lower in Burundi than in other EAC countries. It also suggeststhat a larger share of accounting services used is provided in-house in Burundi than in neighboringcountries. However, increased investments and regional integration are expected to boost the demand forsuch professionals. Several other factors related to education, domestic regulation, trade and labormobility can explain the skills shortages and the underdevelopment of professional services in BurundiExplaining the Skills Shortages and Skills Mismatches in Professional Services – Education IssuesSome key education-related reasons for these shortages are as follows: (i) the weaknesses in secondaryand tertiary education witnessed in Burundi limit the ability of students to acquire professional skills; (ii)institutions that offer specialized post-graduate courses, as well as institutions that offer academic andprofessional training courses for middle-level professionals, are insufficient or absent; and (iii) themissing links between educational systems, employers, and users of services can explain skillsmismatches.Explaining the Underdevelopment and the Segmentation of Markets for Professional Services –Domestic RegulationProfessional services have traditionally been subject to a high degree of regulation, as a result of directgovernmental regulation and of rules adopted by self regulatory bodies (professional associations). Theseregulatory measures affect the entry and operation of professionals and professional services firms, andcan undermine competition and constrains the growth of the sector. Information compiled in severalAfrican countries on domestic entry regulation (such as licensing and educational requirements,quantitative restrictions on the number of suppliers of professional services and exclusive rights grantedto suppliers in certain activities), as well as on regulations on the operations of firms (such as restrictions125 / 153
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Republic of Burundi / Enhanced Inte
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Currency equivalent(Exchange rate a
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Executive summaryThe Government of
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Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Mombas
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II.3. Unorganized (agricultural) as
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making. Efforts to improve official
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Identified constraintregulatory fra
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Identified constraintProposed Actio
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(% GDP)50%40%30%20%10%Figure 1.2: e
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Burundi’s very narrow export base
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elatively well diversified - in 200
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ExportsImports(%)Share2001/03Share2
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Table 1.4 : Burundi’s trade in se
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scope for both automatic and discre
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exports. Burundi stands out as a he
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this, the Government has elaborated
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4,000Figure 1.11a: cost to export (
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The improvement of Burundi’s Doin
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Mainstreaming of trade into nationa
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constraints are required to impleme
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CHAPTER 2 - Regional integration: o
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4.3 percent to SSA as a whole. Most
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likely to facilitate deeper integra
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collection remain destination-based
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To-date, the approach to eliminateN
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Figure 2.5: Improvements in doing b
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Public awareness and stakeholders s
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CHAPTER 3 - Export diversificationT
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products, Figure 3.3 shows that Bur
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Second, measures that encourage the
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Figure 3.5: Burundian coffee value
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ii. Addressing supply-side constrai
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sales of specialty coffee by cooper
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long distances, given the high cost
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The over exploitation of land is of
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logistics chain. Other types of fac
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER 4 - Non-tariff Measures: Th
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.1: Coverage and frequency
Page 77 and 78: Some of the most heavily regulated
Page 79 and 80: 2.2 Severity: the impact of NTMsWhi
Page 81 and 82: In spite of efforts to improve the
Page 83 and 84: standards, which kindly share the m
Page 85 and 86: According to a testimony gathered i
Page 87 and 88: public sectors would have more clou
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 5 - Strengthening Trade Fac
Page 91 and 92: ii. designing a program of action o
Page 93 and 94: 3. Size of ShipmentsThe small avera
Page 95 and 96: makes it possible for the coffee to
Page 97 and 98: logistics services on the other. Ty
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.3: Characteristics of Clear
Page 101 and 102: The Central Corridor is potentially
Page 103 and 104: Air connectivity, while limited in
Page 105 and 106: Kigoma and Bujumbura lake ports. Th
Page 107 and 108: In its Strategic Plan 2011-2015, th
Page 109 and 110: increase reliability would therefor
Page 111 and 112: 8. RecommendationsThe foregoing sho
Page 113 and 114: Cooperation at the regional level a
Page 115 and 116: (BIF billion) (%)1. Primary sector
Page 117 and 118: A striking feature of Burundi’s s
Page 119 and 120: Business servicesNumber of accounta
Page 121 and 122: At the same time there exist severa
Page 123: Under the capacity building compone
Page 127 and 128: Explaining the Segmentation of Mark
Page 129 and 130: . Adequate regulations that ensure
Page 131 and 132: The pace of integration is largely
Page 133 and 134: take time to overcome, are likely t
Page 135 and 136: and to domestic travel spending, as
Page 137 and 138: the attractiveness of the sector fo
Page 139 and 140: 4. The challenges facing tourism in
Page 141 and 142: supply, hospitals), and in large-sc
Page 143 and 144: durable improvements in terms of st
Page 145 and 146: - the introduction of a single EAC
Page 147 and 148: Box 7.4: Examples of regional conse
Page 149 and 150: cultural and social sustainability
Page 151 and 152: ICG. 2012. Burundi: A Deepening Cor
Page 153: World Bank. 2010c. Reform and Regio
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