for example by ensuring the implementation of the EAC and COMESA simplified trade regimes, whichcould facilitate the formalization of informal trade. In addition, a Traders Charter aimed at improvingtreatment of small traders and streamlining procedures at the border could increase cross-border flowsin the region with potentially significant benefits for Burundi (Box 3.6).Conclusions and recommendationsRather than focusing on interventions that target specific products (such as mangos or tomatoes),it appears that the best bet for the authorities is to lift the common constraints that currentlyhamper the participation of horticulture farmers in commercial and trade activities. In fact, easingthese constraints would benefit not only horticulture, but also the main segments of Burundi’s exportagriculture, coffee and tea. Establishing a more supportive business environment for horticulture exportsis therefore the main area where the government should be proactive. In particular, improving theavailability and quality of essential support institutions and services is critical:- business development services, to enhance the knowledge of markets and current demandcharacteristics 80 , and to facilitate the establishment of efficient managerial and operationalframeworks for production and exports processes;- SPS management services, including initiatives to raise awareness on SPS standards and theestablishment of a regulatory and operational framework for SPS compliance;- vocational training, to strengthen human capital in a variety of activities related to theproduction, processing and transport of horticultural products;- extension services, which, as illustrated by the survey described above, are currently lacking andwill be required to increase productivity;- research services, which are currently minimal.The horticulture sector in Burundi would also benefit from more general efforts aiming atimproving the availability and affordability of critical services. For example, financial services areneeded to finance horticulture investments at all levels (production, processing, and marketing). Theavailability of efficient transport and logistics services is crucial for exports (see Chapter 5). Concerningair transport, this will notably require tackling the “chicken and egg” dilemma identified by Clay and coauthors(2007), by which airlines do not make more charters available because shipping volumes arelow, while exporters and suppliers do not increase volumes because air cargo space is limited 81 .Support for making horticulture associations more efficient could be considered. As illustrated bythe survey of farmers in the horticulture sector, coordination among producers is currently limited. Theemergence of more and better-organized producer associations could enable efficiency gains withregards to access to inputs and extension services, or to the transport of products to local markets orshipping points for regional/international markets. This could follow the example of the coffee sector,where producer associations have become increasingly active and the recently established interprofessionalorganization (InterCafé) facilitates coordination along the value chain. The modernizationin 2011 of the legal framework for agricultural cooperatives represents an opportunity to develop suchorganizations and enable them to play a stronger role to diversify and improve the productivity of bothfood and export crops.Some investments in physical infrastructure will also be needed for the sector to develop. Onecritical point is the availability of adequate storage facility (notably cold storage) at key points of the80 See Clay et al. (2007) for a detailed analysis of the different traditional and emerging markets for Burundi’shorticultural products.81 This dilemma is not specific to horticultural exports and also hampers the development of the tourism sector inBurundi (see Chapter 7).70 / 153
logistics chain. Other types of facilities, such as collection, processing and packing facilities, will alsohave to be developed.Finally, the adoption and compliance with a charter for small scale cross-border traders couldsupport the removal of constraints faced by small traders (see Box 3.6). The proposed measurescould help reduce the border delays and the additional costs imposed on traders and consumers.Improving the procedures at the border can increase government revenues and accelerate trade. Inaddition, it is a fundamental right for traders and officials at the border to be treated in a professionalmanner.Box 3.6: Charter for Cross-Border TradersBasic rights and obligations for traders and officials at the border1. All individuals shall be able to cross the border without verbal or physical abuse or harassmentincluding but not limited to sexual and gender-based violence2. Traders shall be processed at the border in an efficient and timely manner without discrimination. Areceipt must be provided to the trader for any payment made and the payment properly recorded.3. Only officials of the approved agencies are present at the border and all border officials wear uniformsor ID badges that allow the identification of their respective agency.4. Physical checks of traders must be recorded with the reason and outcome provided. Female tradershave the right to receive a physical check by female officials in a private but regulated and accountableenvironment.5. All duties, fees and taxes and the basis for their calculation are publicly available at the border. Anychange to duties, fees and taxes must be publicly announced at the border, with reasonable time fortraders to prepare, before their application. No unpublished fees or charges should be demanded at theborder.6. Documentary requirements should be clearly stated and publicly available at the border. Any changein documents required must be publicly announced at the border with reasonable time for traders toprepare before implementation. Simplified procedures should be applied to small traders.7. Traders should be aware of their rights and obligations when crossing the border. Traders must presentrequired documentation and pay appropriate duties at the border and to obtain a receipt for any paymentsmade to an official. Traders shall not attempt to bribe any official to avoid payment of duties or obtainpreferential treatment in any way, including avoiding queues.With the support of the international community, governments commit to1. That by mid-2012 these basic rights and obligations governing cross-border movement of goods andpeople are clearly stated in the local language and visibly apparent at all border crossings2. By end 2012 at every border post there is at least one agent that has received gender awarenesstraining. All senior officials at the border have received gender awareness training by the end of 2013.Ensure that 50% of officials at any border post have received gender awareness training by the end of2014.3. At all border posts traders have recourse to an independent and confidential mechanism to registerviolation of any of these basic rights. Female traders must be able to register the violation of any basicrights with a female staff.4. Apply strict disciplinary measures against officials found to have violated the rights of a trader.71 / 153
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Republic of Burundi / Enhanced Inte
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Currency equivalent(Exchange rate a
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Executive summaryThe Government of
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Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Mombas
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II.3. Unorganized (agricultural) as
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making. Efforts to improve official
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Identified constraintregulatory fra
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Identified constraintProposed Actio
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(% GDP)50%40%30%20%10%Figure 1.2: e
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At the same time there exist severa
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Under the capacity building compone
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MadagascarCameroonSenegalKenyaMalaw
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Explaining the Segmentation of Mark
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. Adequate regulations that ensure
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The pace of integration is largely
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take time to overcome, are likely t
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and to domestic travel spending, as
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the attractiveness of the sector fo
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4. The challenges facing tourism in
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supply, hospitals), and in large-sc
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durable improvements in terms of st
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- the introduction of a single EAC
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Box 7.4: Examples of regional conse
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cultural and social sustainability
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ICG. 2012. Burundi: A Deepening Cor
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World Bank. 2010c. Reform and Regio