eWORK 2000 - European Telework Week

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New Ways to Work 2000European Telework4.4 The Diffusion of Telework in Europe: Results from Ecatt4.4.1 Survey MethodologyBecause private individuals and organisations take different roles in telework and also in other new ways ofworking as well as in electronic commerce (one usually acting as supplier of a factor, the other representingdemand), primary research on these subjects must cover both groups of respondents. Therefore, surveys weredirected at the general population as well as decision makers in organisations.Results about teleworking practice can be expected to differ considerably depending on whose statements aretaken for projections. Decision makers in companies might have knowledge only of those teleworkrelationships which are part of organised company schemes, i.e. which are based on a formal agreementbetween employer and employee. On the other hand, they might not know about the extent of individualemployee's teleworking.The empirical part of the study consisted of:• representative surveys of establishments in each of the participating countries; with a sample of 500 inlarger countries and 300 in smaller countries 4,158 establishments across Europe were surveyed, using aquestionnaire of around 70 questions;• representative surveys of individuals (aged 15 and older) in private households - 1000 in larger and 500 insmaller countries, amounting to approximately 7,700 people, using a questionnaire of more than 100questions.The project includes data on 10 EU Member States (see table below). In addition, comparative work wascarried out in Japan and the USA. Switzerland was covered in a parallel project using the same instruments.CountrySurvey populationGeneral PopulationSurvey (GPS)Decision Maker Survey(DMS)Denmark 502 361Finland 502 308France 1,008 501Germany 1,000 501Ireland 547 374Italy 1,010 506The Netherlands 526 300Spain 1,010 500Sweden 500 306United Kingdom 1,095 501EUR 10 7,700 4,158The General Population Survey was based on a representative random sample of the population in Germany,United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, France, Spain and Denmark. The surveywas carried out in February and March 1999 by Infratest Burke and Emnid (Taylor Nelson Sofres Group).Interviews were carried out on the telephone using computer-aided telephone interviewing techniques.The Decision Maker Survey was based on a random sample of establishments in Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom, stratified by establishment size(number of employees) and industry. Quotas of establishments weighted by size were set to ensure that the- 28 -
New Ways to Work 2000European Teleworkresults would not be dominated by small units but properly reflect the situation of workers in largerenterprises.The fieldwork took place in April and May 1999. The samples were either drawn from specialestablishment master samples maintained by the survey institutes. Fieldwork was carried out by InfratestBurke, again using computer-aided telephone interviewing. The respondents were chosen to be the head of theDP department, senior professionals in the DP department (in large organisations) or the managing director,general manager or proprietor (in small organisations). The questions were worded to elicit working practice inthe respondent’s own establishment, rather than in his company as a whole. This method decision was basedon the assessment that, particularly in large multi-site organisations, there no single respondent would be ableto give reliable and detailed information about working practice across the whole company.It is important to note that because of the size-weighted sampling employed, reference in reported results suchas “50% of all establishments in country A” are properly interpreted to mean “establishments accounting for50% of all employees in country A”.4.4.2 Empirical results4.4.2.1. Telework has started to boom in EuropeWhile in 1994 just a very few million teleworkers could be identified in Europe (Korte/Wynne 1996), thefigure has risen to around 9 million in 1999 and it can be expected that we have already or will be approachingthe 10 million sometime this year (2000). The 1999 figure of 9 million teleworkers equates to 6% of theworkforce in Europe. The range of telework penetration across European countries is enormous with Spainfinding itself at the tail end with 2.8% of the employees working as teleworkers and Finland at the top withalmost 17% teleworkers. Germany finds itself in the European midfield and exactly at the European average.One could be tempted to argue that there seems to be nothing more average in Europe than a German.Telework Penetration in Europe 1999 (absolute and relative figures)61,0004,4%2,027,0007,6%280,00010,5%1,044,0014,5%594,00015,2% 355,00016,8%635,0002,9%2,132,0006,0%357,0002,8%720,0003,6%Source: empirica (ECATT 1999), cf. www.ecatt.comFrom these 9 million European teleworkers, 2.9 million can be seen as regular home-based teleworkers, 3million are occasional ones, which we describe as “supplementary” teleworkers (for the definitions cf. aboveand www.ecatt.com), another 2.3 million belong to the group of mobile teleworkers, 1.4 million are selfemployedteleworkers working in SOHOs (small office, home office). The distribution of telework across these- 29 -
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