eWORK 2000 - European Telework Week

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New Ways to Work 2000European TeleworkREFERENCESEITO (1998) European Information Technology Observatory, European Information TechnologyObservatory: Luxembourg.European Commission (eds) (1998) Status Report on European Telework 1998, Office for OfficialPublications of the European Communities: Luxembourg.European Commission (eds) (1999) Status Report on European Telework - New Methods of Work 1999,Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg.Gareis, K. (1998) Telework and the Bottom Line - Costs and Benefits of Telework in German InsuranceCompanies, in R. Suomi et al (Eds.), Teleworking Environments, Proceedings of the Third InternationalWorkshop on Telework, September 1-4, Turku, Finland, Turku 1998, 107-128.Gareis, K. & Kordey, N. (2000) “The Spread of Telework in 2005”, paper presented at the eBusiness andeWork Conference, Madrid, 18-20 October 2000.Gareis, K. & Korte, W.B. (1999) “Benchmarking Progress on Telework and Other New Ways of Working inEurope”, Proceedings of the Fourth International Telework Workshop, Tokyo August 31 - September 3,1999, 346-356.Handy, S.L. and Mokhtarian, P.L. (1996) “Forecasting Telecommuting. An Exploration of Methodologies andResearch Needs”, Transportation, Vol. 23, pp. 163-190.Hudson, N. (1999) “Numbers of Teleworkers in Europe and North America”,http://noelhodson.com/stats.htm, accessed 26/5/99 16:00.Huws, U. (1993) Teleworking in Britain, Employment Department: London.Huws, U. and Korte, W.B. and Robinson, S. (1990) Telework - Towards the Elusive Office, John Wiley &Sons: Chichester et al.Jackson, P.J. (1998) “Integrating the Teleworking Perspective into Organisational Analysis and Learning”, inJackson, P.J. and Van der Wielen, J.M. (eds) Teleworking: International Perspectives. From Telecommutingto the Virtual Organisation, Routledge: London, pp. 245-257.Korte, W.B. (2000) “Erfahrungen mit Telezentren in Deutschland und im Ausland - Top oder Flop?”, In:Glaser, W. (ed) Telezentren – Zukunft oder schon Vergangenheit? Kohlhammer, Stuttgart et al., pp. 108-119.Korte, W.B. and Wynne, R. (1996) Telework - Penetration, Potential and Practice in Europe, IOS Press:Amsterdam, Oxford, Tokyo, Washington.Nilles, J.M.(1998) Managing Telework. Strategies for Managing the Virtual Workforce, John Wiley & Sons:New York.Qvortrup, L. (1998) “From Teleworking to Networking”, in Jackson, P.J. and Van der Wielen, J.M. (eds)Teleworking: International Perspectives. From Telecommuting to the Virtual Organisation, Routledge:London, pp. 21-39.Robinson, S. & Kordey, N. (1999) Telearbeit und Electronic Commerce in Europa, Proceedings of TelekomAnwender-Kongress, December, Bonn 1999.Ruppel, C. (1996) “The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Adoption and Diffusion of Telework”, paperpresented at the conference Telecommuting '96, April 25-26, Jacksonville, Florida.Spectrum Strategy Consultants (1999) Moving Into the Information Age. An International BenchmarkingStudy, Department of Trade and Industry: London.Stanworth, C. (1998) “Telework and the Information Age”, New Technology, Work and Employment, Vol.13, No. 1, pp. 51-52.Van Ommeren, J. (1998): “Telework in Europe”, in Suomi, R, et al. (eds.): Teleworking Environments.Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Telework, Turku Centre for Computer Science: Turku,pp. 164-183.- 46 -
New Ways to Work 2000European Telework5 European eWork - National Reports5.1 AustriaSummaryIn spite of the high potential for telework because of economic and technological preparedness, the take up rateof telework is still rather low at not more than 2.4% of the active labour force (86,000 teleworkers). On theone hand this is due to the fact that there are no strong push factors, neither from economic or political side,nor because of geographic or other pre-dispositions. On the other hand there are significant changes of workenvironments within existing organisations, operating within an employment system whose stability is abovethe average. These changes are more dominant and attract more attention because "ework", emerging in almostall business sectors, appears to be more relevant to all organisations involved. Moreover, Austria has atradition of carefully balancing social and economic impacts of new work forms and other innovations - thusslowing down or starting late processes of change. Nevertheless telework is a topical issue. The turning pointfrom being an exceptional work form to become standard work is near. Accelerated take-up of ework systemswill take place, including not only private industries but also public administrations.Background informationOverall prospects of the Austrian economy are positive. The present business-cycle projection predicts a GDPgrowth of 2,8% for 2000 and 2001. After a sluggish first half of 1999 (+1,2%), the Austrian economy grewby 3% in the third quarter. In the first half of 1999, growth was driven almost entirely by domestic demand. Afavourable employment trend, rising incomes and continued price stability strongly boosted private consumerspending. At present and in the near future unabated strength of domestic demand is accompanied by livelyexports and industrial activity. Price stability is set to remain high. The crucial challenges for economic policywill be public sector borrowing and unemployment.Tthe Austrian labour force is about 3.8 million, of whom 3.3 million are employees (87%; 3.1 million inemployment; 0.2 million unemployed seeking employment); 0.5 million are self-employed (13%). A growingshare of self-employed persons results from the increasing number of freelancers (Statistik Austria 1999).In terms of simple employment rates Austria equals Sweden with 70% of the workforce participating, trailingthird behind Denmark (79%) and UK (71%). Regarding full time equivalent employment Austria (65%) issecond behind Denmark (69%). Austria’s employment intensity ratio 22 is at 0.93 - very close to the EUaverage of 0.94 (CEC 1999). In European comparison the percentage of "atypical" or "contingent work" 23differs from country to country. Austria is among those countries whose labour structures remain stable forthe most part (Woerister 1999). Most relevant regarding growing flexibility is part-time work; in Austria some420,000 persons are employed part-time (roughly 14% of employed workers).The average income of Austrian employees rose moderately from 1995 to 1999. In 1996 and 1997, due togovernment austerity packages Austrian employees suffered a reduction in income. 1998 showed once againreal rises in income, which is continued in 1999 and according to actual prognosis maintained in 2000 and2001.2223Full time equivalent employment rate devided by the simple employment rate.„The term contingent employment is a term coined to describe the range of employment relationships that had developed to meet the employer’s needfor flexible work arrangements to control labor costs in global ecenomy. The term is generally understood to include part-time, temporary, on-call andleased employees.“ (Grunewald 1995)- 47 -
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