Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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SUGGESTED FURTHER READING97aspects of the Anonymous collective by following the exploits of a fictitious hacker. Some ofOlson’s story is mirrored in insider Cole Stryker’s account of the legendary 4chan message boardin Epic Win for Anonymous—How 4chan’s Army Conquered the Web (2011).For a more, general perspective on how the Internet has changed social movements, werecommend Clay Shirky’s 2008 Here Comes Everybody—The Power of Organizing Without Organizations.Finally, one of the best known early computer espionage stories is Clifford Stoll’sclassic The Cuckoo’s Egg—Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage, which providesa first-hand account of the KGB-hack. This was later made into a television documentaryentitled The KGB, the Computer, and Me.References1. Crenshaw A. Crude, inconsistent threat: understanding anonymous. Irongeek.com. http://www.irongeek.com/i.php?page¼security/understanding-anonymous; undated [last accessed May 12, 2012].2. Jeffries A. Anonymous declares war: on October 10 at 3.30p.m., the New York Stock Exchange will be no more[updated]. BetaBeat. Available at: http://betabeat.com/2011/10/anonymous-declares-war-on-october-10-at-330-p-m-the-new-york-stock-exchange-will-be-no-more/; October 4, 2011 [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].3. Twitpic anonymous circle (@AnonCircle). http://twitpic.com/9bzxon, 2012 [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].4. Ars Technica. The hackers hacked: main anonymous servers invaded. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/05/the-hackers-hacked-main-anonymous-irc-servers-seized/; May 9, 2011 [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].5. Ars Technica. The hackers hacked: main anonymous servers invaded. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/05/the-hackers-hacked-main-anonymous-irc-servers-seized/; May 9, 2011 [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].6. Ars Technica. The hackers hacked: main anonymous servers invaded. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/05/the-hackers-hacked-main-anonymous-irc-servers-seized/; May 9, 2011 [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].7. IT World. A conversation with commander X. http://www.itworld.com/internet/137590/conversationcommander-x?page¼0%2C0;February 18, 2011 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].8. Computer Chaos Club Regional. http://www.ccc.de/de/regional [last accessed February 24, 2012].9. Chaos Computer Club website, main page. http://www.ccc.de/de/ [last accessed March 1, 2012].10. Tagesspiegel. Wau Holland: Hacken als Kulturleistung. http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/wau-hollandhacken-als-kulturleistung/245264.html;July 31, 2001 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].11. German issues of Die Datenschleuder can be found here: http://chaosradio.ccc.de/datenschleuder.html, DieDatenschleuder web site: http://ds.ccc.de/. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].12. Der Spiegel. Hacker-Club veröffentlicht Schäubles Fingerabdruck. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/0,1518,544203,00.html; March 29, 2008 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].13. Ibid.14. Der Spiegel. Nachruf auf Wau Holland—Ein ständiger Denkanstob. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/0,1518,147844,00.html; July 30, 2001 [in German]. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].15. Der Tagesspiegel. Freier Zugang für alle zu allen Informationen; July 31, 2001.16. Heise online. Hacken als Form der Gesellschaftskritik. http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/9/9195/1.html; July 30,2001 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].17. Ibid.18. Chaos Computer Club Preamble. http://www.ccc.de/de/club/statutes [last accessed March 1, 2012].19. c’t Magazin. Chaos Computer Club veröffentlicht Flugplan des Sommercamps. http://www.heise.de/ct/meldung/Chaos-Computer-Club-veroeffentlicht-Flugplan-des-Sommercamps-1279300.html; July 14, 2011 [inGerman]. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].20. Der Spiegel. Ein Flugzeug voller Hacker. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/tech/0,1518,499247,00.html; August10, 2007 [in German]. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].
98 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HACKING GROUPS: THE CASE OF ANONYMOUS AND ITS AFFILIATES21. SIGINT website. http://sigint.ccc.de/Main_Page [last accessed March 1, 2012].22. Textfiles presents an article of Die Zeit. Bildschirmtext: a blow against the system—a computer club discoversbreaches of security in the Bundespost’s BTX Program. Die Zeit. http://www.textfiles.com/news/boh-20f8.txt;November 30, 1984 [last accessed March 1, 2012].23. Activism @ suite 101. Hacktivism: what is the chaos computer club? http://joharrington.suite101.com/hacktivism-what-is-the-chaos-computer-club-a387917; September 8, 2011 [last accessed March 1, 2012].24. A Karl Koch biography. http://www.hagbard-celine.de/main.html [last accessed March 1, 2012].25. Der Spiegel. German Foundation on Funding WikiLeaks: ‘donations were as strong as now’. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,734318,00.html; December 13, 2010 [last accessed between December 2012 andFebruary 2013].26. Wau Holland Foundation website. http://www.wauland.de/english.html. [last accessed between December2012 and February 2013].27. The Local. WikiLeaks sponsor in trouble with the tax man. http://www.thelocal.de/national/20101207-31651.html, a transparency report of the foundation for 2010 can be found here: http://wauland.de/files/2010_Transparenzbericht-Projekt04_de.pdf; December 7, 2010 [in German]. [last accessed between December 2012and February 2013].28. Der Spiegel. German foundation on funding WikiLeaks: ‘donations were as strong as now’. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,734318,00.html; December 13, 2010. [last accessed between December 2012 andFebruary 2013].29. The Wall Street Journal. How WikiLeaks keeps its funding secret. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704554104575436231926853198.html?mod¼WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsForth; August23, 2010. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].30. IT World. A conversation with commander X. http://www.itworld.com/internet/137590/conversation-commander-x?page¼0%2C0; February 18, 2011 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].31. National Post. Insider tells why anonymous might well be the most powerful organization on Earth. http://digg.com/newsbar/Technology/fugitive_hacker_christopher_doyon_or_commander_x_tells_why_anonymous_might_well_be_the_most_powerful_organization_on_earth_news_national_post; May 13, 2012 [last accessedbetween December 2012 and February 2013].32. National Post. Online Group Declares War on Scientology. http://web.archive.org/web/20080129063500/http://www.nationalpost.com/most_popular/story.html?id¼261308; January 26, 2008 [last accessed betweenDecember 2012 and February 2013].33. LA Weekly. My date with anonymous: a rare interview with the elusive Internet troublemakers. http://www.laweekly.com/2009-02-05/columns/my-date-with-anonymous-a-rare-interview-with-the-illusive-internettroublemakers/;February 4, 2009 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].34. Advertise. 4chan.org. http://www.4chan.org/advertise. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].35. Ibid.36. NY Times. One on one: Christopher Poole, Founder of 4chan. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/oneon-one-christopher-poole-founder-of-4chan/;March 19, 2012 [last accessed between December 2012 and February2013].37. Corman J, Martin B. Cognitive dissidents. Building a better anonymous-series. http://blog.cognitivedissidents.com/2012/04/12/building-a-better-anonymous-series-part-5/; 2011 [last accessed between December 2012 andFebruary 2013].38. Know Your Meme. Internet hate machine. http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/internet-hate-machine; May 1,2012 [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].39. Corman J, Martin B. Cognitive dissidents. Building a better anonymous-series. http://blog.cognitivedissidents.com/2012/04/12/building-a-better-anonymous-series-part-5/; 2011 [last accessed between December 2012 andFebruary 2013].40. Stryker C. Epic Win for anonymous—How 4chan’s army conquered the Web. New York, Boston, London:Overlook Duckworth; 2011 p. 17–20.41. Stryker C. Epic win for anonymous—How 4chan’s army conquered the web. New York, Boston, London:Overlook Duckworth; 2011 p. 33.42. NineMSN. The Internet Pranksters who started a war. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id¼459214;May 8, 2008. [last accessed between December 2012 and February 2013].43. M-J via Wikipedia. File: Lolcat.jpg. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lolcat.jpg. [last accessed betweenDecember 2012 and February 2013].
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INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
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INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
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ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
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CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
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ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
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IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
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INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
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BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
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C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
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ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
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P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
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C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
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RUDIMENTARY BUT EFFECTIVE: DENIAL O
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THE DIFFICULTY OF ASSIGNING BLAME:
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS17FI
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS19Th
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22 2. POLITICAL CYBER ATTACK COMES
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24 3. HOW CYBER ATTACKS AUGMENTED R
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34 4. CYBER AND INFORMATION OPERATI
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44 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL
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148 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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172 9. LOSING TRUST IN YOUR FRIENDS
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186 10. INFORMATION THEFT ON THE TA
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200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUS
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210 12. CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST POWER
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224 13. ATTACKING IRANIAN NUCLEAR F
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242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
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246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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