Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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C H A P T E R12Can Cyber Warfare Leave a Nation inthe Dark? Cyber Attacks AgainstElectrical InfrastructureO U T L I N EIntroduction 210Cyber Attacks Directed Against PowerGrids 210Access 212Discovery 212Control 213Destroying a Generator with a CyberAttack: The Aurora Test 213Implementing an Aurora-Style Attack 215Taking the Power Grid Offline withMinimal Effort: Attacks LeveragingNetwork Topology 217Targeting Key Transmission Substations 218Causing Cascading Failure 219Dependencies on Computer NetworksCan Lead to Cascading Failure 220Summary 221Suggested Further Reading 221INFORMATIONINTHISCHAPTER• Cyber attacks directed against power grids• Destroying a generator with a cyber attack:The Aurora Test• Taking the power grid offline with minimaleffort: Attacks leveraging network topology• Targeting key transmission substations• Causing cascading failure• Dependencies on computer networks canlead to cascading failure209
210 12. CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST POWER GRID INFRASTRUCTUREINTRODUCTIONIn April, 2009, the Wall Street Journal ran an article entitled “Electricity Grid in U.S. Penetratedby Spies” where several unnamed government sources claimed that Chinese andRussian hackers had broken into power-grid systems, leaving open back doors that wouldallow them to destroy certain components of the power grid. 1 The following year, after“Operation Aurora” where intellectual property from Google and other U.S. firms was stolenby Chinese hackers (see Chapter 7), 2 in a testimony before congress, the commissioner ofthe U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission identified an academic paperwhere Chinese researchers explored cascade-based attacks on the U.S. power grid. 3 Thoughwe have little information on actual attacks against the power grid, there is much literature thatdescribes how such an attack might occur. In this chapter, we explore the vulnerabilities of apower grid with both legacy and the “smart grid” technologies becoming more prevalent in theUnited States. We then look at the “Aurora Test” (different from “Operation Aurora”) in whichthe U.S. Idaho National Labs conducted an experiment to see if a cyber attack could lead todamaged power generation equipment. Finally, we also describe how an adversary couldleverage power-grid network topology to magnify the effects of his attack—which would causemore overall damage by precise targeting of a limited number of power-grid components.CYBER ATTACKS DIRECTED AGAINST POWER GRIDSSimply put, a power grid is the infrastructure that connects electricity consumers with asource of electrical power generation. Various requirements of the grid, such as meteringand identifying points of failure, require information to be transmitted between certain pointsof the grid—necessitating the need for various forms of information technology (IT). Currently,the IT equipment used for communication in the power grid ranges from state-ofthe-artto decades-old telephony. Current initiative referred to as “smart grid” refers to arange of efforts to upgrade this communication equipment for improved monitoring, protection,and efficiency. 4 However, regardless of whether the power grid in question is using legacyor modern equipment, as with any system involving computer networks, cyber securityshould be a major concern. Further, due to modern society’s dependence on electrical power,attacking the power grid may be viewed as a military option by many nations—hence ourinclusion of this topic in our discourse on cyber warfare. This section summarizes the workof Wei et al. 5 in order to give an overview of how a power-grid functions, its major components,and possible cyber attacks against them.As stated earlier, a power grid is designed to connect electrical power consumers to electricalpower producers. There are two basic components of the grid: transmission and distribution.Transmission entails the delivery of power from the generation source to substationslocated closer to the consumers. This portion of delivery typically operates at high voltage(100 kV or greater). The second component is distribution where power is delivered fromthe substations to the consumers and carries a voltage typically less than 100 kV. Transformersat the substation step the power down from high voltage to medium or low voltagein order for it to be distributed.
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INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
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INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
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ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
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CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
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ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
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IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
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INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
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BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
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C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
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ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
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P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
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C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
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RUDIMENTARY BUT EFFECTIVE: DENIAL O
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THE DIFFICULTY OF ASSIGNING BLAME:
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS17FI
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS19Th
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22 2. POLITICAL CYBER ATTACK COMES
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24 3. HOW CYBER ATTACKS AUGMENTED R
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34 4. CYBER AND INFORMATION OPERATI
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44 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL
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68 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HAC
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100 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HA
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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Page 179 and 180: 160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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Page 261 and 262: 242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
Page 265 and 266: 246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
Page 277 and 278: 258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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260 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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