Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGSUMMARY21The attacks against Estonia demonstrated that computer-enabled demonstration againstgovernment resources was not fiction and within the reach of individuals on the Internet. Thisshould not have come as a surprise to any informed observer, as these types of DDoS attackshave been carried out against individual and corporate entities in the past (Chapter 6 discussesseveral attacks of this type). The efficacy of the attacks, however, may foreshadowthe role of DDoS in future conflicts that include a computerized element. However, the cyberattacks against Estonia were really only the start of politically motivated cyber warfare. InChapter 3, we shall see how politically motivated cyber attacks against Georgia contributedto conventional military operations in the Caucus nation.SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGEdward Waltz was one of the few in the 1990s, who had some foresight into what the futureof cyber warfare would hold. His seminal work, Information Warfare, published in 1998 wasone of the first to look at how information could be targeted and weaponized—particular payingattention to commercial and military information systems.For more information on DDoS, in general, we recommend Subramani Sridhar’s SANS paperentitled Denial of Service attacks and mitigation techniques: Real time implementation with detailedanalysis. This chapter studies various types of DDoS attacks, detecting such attacks, andmitigation strategies.For more on the Russian hacker cyber attack on Estonia in 2007, we recommend MerikeKaeo’s presentation Cyber Attacks on Estonia—Short Synopsis produced by Double Shot Security.This presentation provides a detailed technical analysis of the DDoS attacks against theBaltic state.References1. Waltz E. Information warfare principles and operations. Norwood, MA: Artech House Inc.; 1998.2. Global Information Infrastructure. SearchCIO. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/global-information-infrastructure.3. Landler M, Markoff J. Digital Fears Emerge After Data Siege in Estonia. Retrieved June 4, 2007, from nytimes.com:http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/technology/29estonia.html?pagewanted¼all; May 29, 2007.4. Sridhar S. Denial of Service attacks and mitigation techniques: real time implementation with detailed analysis. Retrieved8 18, 2012, from SANS.org: http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/detection/denial-serviceattacks-mitigation-techniques-real-time-implementation-detailed-analysi_33764;2011.5. Rogers L. What is a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack and what can i do about it? Retrieved August 16, 2012,from CERT.org: http://www.cert.org/homeusers/ddos.html; February 10, 2004.6. Bernat V. SSL computational DoS mitigation. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Disruptive Ninja: http://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-dos-mitigation.html; November 1, 2011.7. Johnson J. What is LOIC? Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Gizmodo: http://gizmodo.com/5709630/what-is-loic;December 8, 2010.8. Nazario J. Politically Motivated Denial of Service Attacks. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Security to the Core:http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/virtualbattlefield/12_NAZARIO%20Politically%20Motivated%20DDoS.pdf; August 12, 2008.
22 2. POLITICAL CYBER ATTACK COMES OF AGE IN 20079. Preatoni R. Zone-H. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Zone-H: http://www.zone-h.org; March 9, 2002.10. Franklin J, Paxson V, Perrig A, Savage S. In: An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of internet miscreants.CCS 2007. New York: ACM; 2007, p. 375–88.11. Tallinn-Life (undated tourist information). The Last Soviet in Tallinn: Saga of the ‘Bronze Soldier’. http://www.tallinn-life.com/tallinn/estonian-russian-relations [accessed October 7, 2012].12. Ibid.13. Sridhar S. Denial of Service attacks and mitigation techniques: Real time implementation with detailed analysis. Retrieved8 18, 2012, from SANS.org: http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/detection/denial-serviceattacks-mitigation-techniques-real-time-implementation-detailed-analysi_33764;2011.14. Franklin J, Paxson V, Perrig A, Savage S. In: An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of internetmiscreants. CCS 2007. New York: ACM; 2007, p. 375–88.15. Davis J. Hackers take down the most wired country in Europe. Wired Magazine 2007.16. Kaeo M. Cyber Attacks on Estonia Short Synopsis. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Double Shot Security: http://www.doubleshotsecurity.com/pdf/NANOG-eesti.pdf; June 3, 2007.17. Shachtman N. Kremlin kids: we launched the Estonian Cyber War. Wired. Retrieved October 28, 2012 from http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/03/pro-kremlin-gro/; March 11, 2009.18. Rodgers J. Putin’s next generation make their mark. BBC News. Retrieved October 28, 2012 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6624549.stm; May 4, 2007.19. Hackers and the Kremlin: Nashi Exposed. The Economist. Retrieved October 28, 2012 from http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/02/hackers-and-kremlin; February 9, 2012.20. Sridhar S. Denial of Service attacks and mitigation techniques: real time implementation with detailed analysis. Retrieved8 18, 2012, from SANS.org: http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/detection/denial-serviceattacks-mitigation-techniques-real-time-implementation-detailed-analysi_33764;2011.21. Pathan A-MK, Buyya R. A taxonomy and survey of content delivery networks. Parkville: University ofMelbourne; 2007.22. Pathan A-MK, Buyya R. A taxonomy and survey of content delivery networks. Parkville: University ofMelbourne; 2007.23. Glotzbach M. Google Apps and Government. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from Official Google Enterprise Blog:http://googleenterprise.blogspot.com/2009/09/google-apps-and-government.html; September 15, 2009.24. Kohn P. Image-File: Tallinn Bronze Soldier—May 2006—029.jpg. Retrieved October 7, 2012: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_Bronze_Soldier_-_May_2006_-_029.jpg; 2006.
Page 2 and 3: INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
Page 4 and 5: INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
Page 6 and 7: ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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Page 12 and 13: ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
Page 14 and 15: IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
Page 18 and 19: BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
Page 20 and 21: C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
Page 22 and 23: IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
Page 24 and 25: ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
Page 26 and 27: INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
Page 28 and 29: P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
Page 30 and 31: C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
Page 32 and 33: RUDIMENTARY BUT EFFECTIVE: DENIAL O
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70 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HAC
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100 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HA
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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172 9. LOSING TRUST IN YOUR FRIENDS
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186 10. INFORMATION THEFT ON THE TA
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200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUS
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210 12. CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST POWER
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224 13. ATTACKING IRANIAN NUCLEAR F
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242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
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246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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