Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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C H A P T E R11Cyber Warfare Against IndustryO U T L I N EIntroduction 200Industrial Control Systems:Critical Infrastructure for ModernNations 200Information Technology vs.Industrial Control Systems: WhyTraditional Infosec Practices MayNot Apply 201How Real-World Dependencies CanMagnify an Attack: InfrastructureAttacks and Network Topology 203How a Cyber Attack Led to WaterContamination: The Maroochy WaterBreach 206Summary 207Suggested Further Reading 207INFORMATIONINTHISCHAPTER• Industrial control systems: Criticalinfrastructure for modern nations• Information technology vs. industrial controlsystems: Why traditional Infosec practicesmay not apply• How real-world dependencies can magnifyan attack: Infrastructure attacks and networktopology• How a cyber attack led to watercontamination: The Maroochy Water Breach199
200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUSTRYINTRODUCTIONAt the time we started writing this book, public fear of cyber attacks against infrastructurewas heightened with supposed attacks on the Illinois water system 1 and the Northwest Rail 2 —both of which were later discovered not to be the targets of cyber attacks. However, cyber attackson infrastructure have occurred in the past. For instance, in Australia, a cyber attack by adisgruntled contractor resulted in the release of one million liters of untreated sewage into localwaterways in 2000. 3 A more recent example is Stuxnet, covered in a later chapter. Due to incidentslike these, U.S. President Obama has recently issued an executive order to improve cybersecurity for critical infrastructure. 4 Headed by NIST (U.S. National Institute of Standardsand Technology), this order is designed to streamline information sharing on cyber threats betweenthe government and the private sector in addition to developing a Cybersecurity Frameworkto better thwart future attacks on critical infrastructure. This framework is also easilytailored to fit the cyber needs of interested private users (such as companies). 5 The PresidentialPolicy Directive (PPD) accompanying the Presidential order seeks to update the earlier HomelandSecurity Presidential Directive 7 (2003) recognizing new risks and technologies,implementing lessons learned regarding critical infrastructure protection against cyberthreats. 6 The Presidential order stresses the importance of protecting privacy and civil liberties,for the lack of which earlier proposed legislation was harshly criticized. 7As infrastructure is often targeted in conventional military operations, cyber warfaredirected against these installations should be expected. In this chapter, we introduce anddiscuss the specific concerns of critical infrastructure control systems with particular focuson how they differ from information technology. We also describe how their inbuilt structuralinterdependencies make them vulnerable to attacks that leverage network topology. Wealso briefly discuss the case study of the cyber attack against an Australian water treatmentfacility and its broader implications for infrastructure control systems.INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS: CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTUREFOR MODERN NATIONSComputer networks directly supporting the functioning of infrastructure systems such aswater, sewage, electrical power, and public transportation fall under a category knownas industrial control systems (ICS). This category includes various types of systems includingsupervisory control and data acquisition or SCADA, distributed control systems or DCS, andprogrammable logic controllers (PLCs)—all designed to manage the industrial equipmentessential to the services rendered. 8In Figure 11.1, we illustrate the interactions among common components in an industrialcontrol system. The components are configured in what is known as a control loop. For a givenindustrial process that is controlled by the system (i.e., water, electricity, sewage, etc.), sensorscollect information—known as the “controlled variables.” These are then sent to a controllerthat interprets them to produce “manipulated variables”—data relating to the controlled processthat can be adjusted by actuators. If a process is disturbed or altered, the system reacts byadjusting the manipulated variables. A human operator interacts with the system through ahuman-machine interface (HMI) to set the parameters and/or algorithms involved in controlling
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INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
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INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
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ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
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CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
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ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
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IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
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INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
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BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
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C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
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ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
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P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
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C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
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RUDIMENTARY BUT EFFECTIVE: DENIAL O
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THE DIFFICULTY OF ASSIGNING BLAME:
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS17FI
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS19Th
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22 2. POLITICAL CYBER ATTACK COMES
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24 3. HOW CYBER ATTACKS AUGMENTED R
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34 4. CYBER AND INFORMATION OPERATI
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44 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL
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68 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HAC
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100 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HA
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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Page 179 and 180: 160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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Page 265 and 266: 246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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250 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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