Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temporal elements of the other three dimensions need to be considered. The state ofinformation changes from one form to another in a system. Security services must adapt toa constantly changing environment as new software and new requirements are put in placewithin an organization. Likewise, countermeasures also need to be updated as the threat isdynamic—new malware and enemy tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) areconstantly introduced.As this book is primarily about cyber warfare and not information assurance, we will focus onthe first two dimensions because they allude to offensive cyber warfare (more purely defensiveoperations tend to fall into the realm of information assurance).The state of information is an important concept as it often dictates what type of TTPs anattacker may use when evaluating a target. As stated above, there are three such states: Storagerefers to the state when the information is written to a disk. Transmission refers to the informationbeing transmitted across a network. Finally, processing refers to the information beingloaded in the temporary memory (RAM) of a computer. The state of the information becomesmost important in the second part of this book where we explore cyber espionage and exploitation.For example, in Chapter 10, we describe how Kata’ib Hezbollah (KH) was able to successfullysteal the video feeds of Predator drones. KH stole this information while it was beingtransmitted from the drone to a ground station. By contrast, Operation Aurora, described inChapter 7, hackers, likely from China, stole sensitive intellectual property from Google—pilfering it from file servers. The information in question was in the storage state.The second point listed above (security services) is discussed throughout the book. One ofthese services is availability. This crucial service ensures that users are able to access the informationthey seek. For instance, if a Web server is down, it is not available to provide information.Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks—as described in every case study in the firstpart of this book—target this specific security service as they are designed to bring down computersystems, thereby denying individuals access to the information contained in thosesystems.Another service informs about the authenticity of the data. If the data have integrity, a usercan be sure that a third party did not alter it. Many of the attacks seen in the first part of thisbook were designed to cause users to question data integrity—specifically, Web site defacementsof groups like Hamas (Chapter 4) and Anonymous (Chapter 6). In the second part ofthis book, the integrity of the data was violated by virtue of a third party obtaining unfetteredaccess to a target system. The break-in of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile (Chapter 7) and thecutting-edge malware known as Duqu (Chapter 8) come to mind. Integrity violations canaffect industrial equipment as well. We give examples in Chapter 11 where we describehow the integrity of the Maroochy water facility was compromised. In Chapter 13, wepresent how Stuxnet manipulated the hardware and software that controlled Iraniancentrifuges—hence, violating the overall integrity of the system.The next security service is authentication. We primarily see examples where authenticationis violated in Chapter 7 when we describe several case studies of cyber espionage attributed toChinese hackers. Authentication was also a missing component in the unencrypted Predatordrone feeds that we will discuss in Chapter 10. Another role played by this security service isin industrial control systems—as many of these systems use protocols that rely on implicittrust relationships (Chapters 11–13).
8 1. CYBER WARFARE: HERE AND NOWConfidentiality is a security service that ensures that the communication between twoparties is not “overheard” by others. This service primarily comes into play in the second partof this book on espionage and exploitation—particularly in Chapters 7 (Chinese-attributedespionage) and 9 (KH tapping into Predator drone feeds).Finally, nonrepudiation refers to the assurance that the sender of the data is provided withproof of delivery and the receiver is provided with proof of the sender’s identity. 9 Perhaps thebest example of this service being violated is in Stuxnet’s man-in-the-middle (MITM) attackagainst Siemen’s Step 7 software (described in Chapter 13) where the user is issued a falsereport about the software uploaded to a controller card.Now with a basic understanding of what this book is attempting to study, we shall examineseveral case studies. First, we look at what constitutes perhaps the first cyber warfare event toreally capture the imagination of the general public: the 2007 Russian cyber attacks againstEstonia—possibly the first significant cyber assault in history launched by one state againstanother.References1. On War, Indexed Edition, Carl von Clausewitz, translated by Michael Eliot Howard and Peter Paret. PrincetonUniversity Press, Princeton NJ, 1989.2. Lewis JA. Assessing the risks of cyber terrorism, cyber war and other cyber threats, Washington, DC: Center forStrategic and International Studies; 2002. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/021101_risks_of_cyberterror.pdf.3. Ranum MJ. CyberWar: reality or hype? Vanguard security conference, 2004, Reno Nevada; 2004. http://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/archives/myth-of-cyberwar.pdf.4. Ibid., Lewis.5. Ranum M. Cyberwar, critical infrastructure protection. SearchSecurity. http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/video/Marcus-Ranum-on-cyberwar-critical-infrastructure-protection; July 9, 2011 [accessed July 5, 2012].6. Johnson M, Meyeraan J. Military deception: hiding the real—showing the fake. Joint Forces Staff College. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/deception.pdf; 2003.7. McCumber J. Information systems security: a comprehensive model. Proceedings of the 14th national computersecurity conference. Baltimore, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology; October 1991.8. Maconachy WV, Schou CD, Ragsdale D, Welch D. A model for information assurance: an integrated approach,Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE workshop on information assurance and Security United States Military Academy,West Point, NY; June 5–6, 2001.9. Ibid., Maconachy et al.
Page 2 and 3: INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
Page 4 and 5: INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
Page 6 and 7: ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
Page 10 and 11: PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
Page 12 and 13: ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
Page 14 and 15: IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
Page 18 and 19: BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
Page 20 and 21: C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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Page 24 and 25: ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
Page 28 and 29: P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
Page 30 and 31: C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
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58 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL
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68 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HAC
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100 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HA
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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172 9. LOSING TRUST IN YOUR FRIENDS
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186 10. INFORMATION THEFT ON THE TA
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200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUS
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210 12. CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST POWER
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224 13. ATTACKING IRANIAN NUCLEAR F
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242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
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246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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