Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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SUMMARYSUMMARY61Cyber warfare knows no boundaries. Capabilities developed for interstate conflict can easilybe leveraged for civil conflict and vice versa. Further, there are some special considerationsfor dissident groups that should be kept in mind if they are to be used as a part of an informationoperation campaign. Perhaps most importantly is that Web sites of the opposition aremore susceptible to attack due to their location on the Internet, often obtaining service from ahigher number Tier ISP. Additionally, organization similar to Iran’s “Cyber Police”—whosestated mission is to curb dissident groups online—will likely appear in other countries aswell. Finally, it should be noted that capabilities used for internal government actions canbe easily used in interstate conflict as well. For instance, consider the large botnets createdby Russian criminal organizations or those of the ICA.References1. Zuckerman E, Roberts H, McGrady R, York J, Palfrey J. Distributed denial of service attacks against independent mediaand human rights sites. The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; December 2010.2. Ibid., Zuckerman et al.3. Ibid., Zuckerman et al.4. Ibid., Zuckerman et al.5. Ibid., Zuckerman et al.6. Committee to Protect Journalists. Novaya Gazeta deputy editor threatened in Russia. http://cpj.org/2012/06/novaya-gazeta-deputy-editor-threatened-in-russia.php; June 13, 2012 [accessed October 21, 2012].7. Assassination in action,NovayaGazeta October18, 2012; [accessed October21, 2012].http://en.novayagazeta.ru/politics/54995.html.8. Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Former police colonel indicted in Politkovskaya murder. http://cpj.org/2012/07/former-police-colonel-indicted-in-politkovskaya-mu.php; July 16, 2012 [accessed October 21, 2012].9. Milashina E. Suspects recycled in Politkovskaya case. CPJ. http://cpj.org/blog/2011/11/politkovskaya-casebreaks-little-new-ground.php;November 7, 2011 [accessed October 21, 2012].10. Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Circle of suspects widens in Politkovskaya case. http://cpj.org/2010/10/circle-of-suspects-widens-in-politkovskaya-case.php;October6,2010 [accessedOctober21,2012].(CPJ,10/6/2010).11. Russian official’s death threat, in bold type, New York Times June 13, 2012; http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/novaya-gazeta-publicizes-russian-officials-threat-to-editor.html?_r¼0 [accessed October 21,2012].12. Goguelin R. Human rights defenders live under constant threat, France 24 January 23, 2009; http://www.france24.com/en/20090123-russia-human-rights-threat-contract-killings-moscow-Markelov-Baburovadefenders[accessed June 30, 2012, accessed October 21, 2012].13. Russian official’s death threat, in bold type, New York Times June 13, 2012; http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/novaya-gazeta-publicizes-russian-officials-threat-to-editor.html?_r¼0 [accessed October 21,2012].14. Committee for Protecting Journalists. Dmitry Muratov, editor of Novaya Gazeta, Russia. http://cpj.org/awards/2007/muratov.php; 2007 [accessed October 21, 2012].15. Jamestown Foundation. Novaya Gazeta remembers Yuri Shechkochikhin. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache¼1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D¼30050; July 5, 2004 [accessed October 21, 2012].16. Ukraine related news stories from RFE, Radio Free Europe (RFE)/Radio Liberty (RL) 2003; http://www.infoukes.com/rfe-ukraine/2003/0716.html [accessed October 21, 2012].17. Shleinov R. How whales were turned into mice, Novaya Gazeta July 11, 2008; http://en.novayagazeta.ru/investigations/8217.html [accessed October 21, 2012].18. Ukraine related news stories from RFE, Radio Free Europe (RFE)/Radio Liberty (RL) 2003; http://www.infoukes.com/rfe-ukraine/2003/0716.html [accessed October 21, 2012].
62 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL DISSIDENTS19. Obituary: Yuri Shchekochikhin, The Guardian July 9, 2003; http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2003/jul/09/guardianobituaries.russia [accessed October 21, 2012].20. Russia’s poisoning ‘without a poison’. BBC News February 6, 2007; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/file_on_4/6324241.stm. [accessed October 21, 2012].21. Goldfarb Alex, Litvinenko Marina. Death of a dissident: the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the return ofthe KGB. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2007.22. Mystery shrouds death of journalist Shchekochikhin, St. Petersburg Times July 4, 2008; http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id¼2&story_id¼26446 [accessed October 21, 2012].23. Прекращено уголовное дело по факту смерти журналиста и депутата Госдумы Щекочихина (Criminal caseon the death of the journalist and state Duma Deputy Shchekochikhin), Newsru.com April 9, 2009; http://newsru.com/russia/09apr2009/zakryli.html [accessed October 22, 2012].24. Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) Interview with Dmitry Muratov during CPJ’s International Press FreedomAwards Winner Dinner. http://cpj.org/awards/2007/muratov.php; 2007 [accessed October 21, 2012].25. Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Murder pushes Novaya Gazeta to request guns. http://cpj.org/blog/2009/01/murder-pushes-novaya-gazeta-to-request-guns.php; January 23, 2009 [accessed October 21, 2012].26. von Twickel N. Hacker attack freezes Novaya Gazeta’s web site. The Moscow Times. Available at: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/hacker-attack-freezes-novaya-gazetas-web-site/398649.html; February 1,2010 [accessed June 30, 2012].27. U.S. Department of State. Remarks at the 2008 International Human Rights Day Awards Ceremony. Available at:http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/12/112974.htm; December 8, 2010 [accessed June 30, 2012].28. Rights in Russia. Novaya Gazeta demands a criminal investigation into DDoS attack. Available at: http://agora.rightsinrussia.info/scene/hro/novayagazeta-1; April 14, 2011 [accessed July 1, 2012].29. Website of Russian opposition paper hit in massive web attack. RIA Novosti. Available at: http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110408/163433642.html; April 8, 2010 [accessed June 30, 2012].30. Gutterman G. Medvedev criticizes ‘illegal’ attack on his blog. Reuters. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/07/us-russia-medvedev-cyberattack-idUSTRE7367GF20110407; April 7, 2010 [accessed June30, 2012].31. Namestnikov Y. DDoS attacks in Q2 2011. SecureList, Kaspersky Lab. Available at: http://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792189/DDoS_attacks_in_Q2_2011; 2011 [accessed June 30, 2012].32. Russia launches criminal probe of top antigraft activist. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4dd3cb99c.html; May 10, 2011 [accessed October 22, 2012].33. Russia launches criminal probe of top antigraft activist. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4dd3cb99c.html; May 10, 2011 [accessed October 22, 2012].34. The man Vladimir Putin fears the most. Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203986604577257321601811092.html; 2012 [accessed October 22, 2012].35. Profile: Russian lawyer Alexei Navalny, BBC News August 7, 2012; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope-16057045[accessed October 22, 2012].36. The world’s 100 most influential people, Time Magazine April 18, 2012; http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112167,00.html [accessed: October 22, 2012].37. Profile: Russian lawyer Alexei Navalny, BBC News August 7, 2012; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope-16057045[accessed October 22, 2012].38. Russia launches criminal probe of top antigraft activist. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4dd3cb99c.html [accessed 22 October 2012]; May 10, 2011 [accessed October22, 2012].39. Russia charges anti-corruption activist in plan to steal timber, New York Times July 31, 2012; http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/world/europe/aleksei-navalny-charged-with-embezzlement.html?_r¼0 [accessedOctober 22, 2012].40. Russia launches criminal probe of top antigraft activist. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4dd3cb99c.html; May 10, 2011 [accessed October 22, 2012].41. The man Vladimir Putin fears the most, Wall Street Journal March 3, 2012; http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203986604577257321601811092.html [accessed October 23, 2012].42. Nashi seeks to oust Navalny from aeroflot board, Ria Novosti August 7, 2012; http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120807/175036455.html [accessed October 23, 2012].
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INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
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INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
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ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
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CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
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ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
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IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
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INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
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BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
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C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
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ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
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P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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172 9. LOSING TRUST IN YOUR FRIENDS
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186 10. INFORMATION THEFT ON THE TA
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200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUS
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210 12. CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST POWER
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224 13. ATTACKING IRANIAN NUCLEAR F
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242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
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246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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258 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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