Introduction to Cyber-Warfare - Proiect SEMPER FIDELIS

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SUGGESTED FURTHER READING23725. The designers of Stuxnet launched attacks in three phases, each phase using an updated version of the software.The technical details can be found in Falliere et al.26. Ibid., 7.27. Albright et al. 2.28. Ibid., 4.29. Falliere et al. 41.30. Glaser A. Characteristics of the gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment and their relevance for nuclear weaponproliferation (corrected). Sci Global Secur June 2008; vol. 16, 1–25, 14.31. Ibid.32. See Ralph Langner’s January 2012 talk at the S4 conference. http://www.digitalbond.com/blog/2012/01/31/langners-stuxnet-deep-dive-s4-video/ [accessed 29.12.12].33. Langner R. The Prez shows his cascade shape. Langner Communications GmbH. Hamburg: Germany; December2011.http://www.langner.com/en/2011/12/07/the-prez-shows-his-cascade-shape/[accessedDecember 29, 2012].34. Pauli D. Stuxnet a ‘perfect match’ to Iran nuclear facility, photo reveals, SC Magazine December 9, 2011;http://www.scmagazine.com.au/News/282735,stuxnet-a-perfect-match-to-iran-nuclear-facility-photo-reveals.aspx [accessed April 17, 2013].35. Albright et al. 2.36. Kerr PK. Iran’s nuclear program: status, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC.; August 11, 2009.http://isis-online.org/uploads/conferences/documents/CRS_Iran_August2009_1.pdf [accessed April 17, 2013].37. Kerr PK. Iran’s nuclear program: status, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC.; August 11, 2009.http://isis-online.org/uploads/conferences/documents/CRS_Iran_August2009_1.pdf [accessed April 17, 2013].38. IAEA Report by the Director General . Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and Relevant Provisionsof Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008), and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republicof Iran, http://www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/iaea-iranreport-060509.pdf [accessed April 17, 2013].39. Albright D, Walrond C. Performance of the IR-1 Centrifuge at Natanz, Institute for Science and InternationalSecurity, Washington, DC.; October 18, 2011. http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IR1_Centrifuge_Performance_18October2011.pdf [accessed April 17, 2013].40. Albright D, Walrond C. Performance of the IR-1 Centrifuge at Natanz, Institute for Science and InternationalSecurity. Washington, DC.; October 18, 2011. http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IR1_Centrifuge_Performance_18October2011.pdf [accessed April 17, 2013].41. Falliere et al.42. Albright D, Brannan P, Walrond, C. Stuxnet Malware and Natanz: update of ISIS December 22, 2010 Report.ISIS Reports. http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/stuxnet-malware-and-natanz-update-of-isis-december-22-2010-reportsupa-href1/8; February 15, 2011 [accessed December 29, 2012].43. See Ralph Langner’s January 2012 talk at the S4 conference. http://www.digitalbond.com/blog/2012/01/31/langners-stuxnet-deep-dive-s4-video/; 2012 [accessed December 29, 2012].44. Albright, Brannan, and Walrond.45. Albright, Brannan, and Walrond.46. McDonald G, Murchu LO, Doherty S, Chien E, Stuxnet 0.5: The Missing Link, Symantec Corporation; February2013.47. Stuxnet 0.5: disrupting uranium processing at Natanz. Symantec Connect (blog). http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/stuxnet-05-disrupting-uranium-processing-natanz; February 26, 2013 [accessed February 26, 2013].48. Ibid.49. McDonald et al., ibid.50. Erdbrink.51. Bednarz D, Follath E. Iran’s chief nuclear negotiator: we have to be constantly on guard. SPIEGEL ONLINE January18, 2011; http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,739945-2,00.html [accessed February 16, 2011].52. Falliere et al. 3.53. Leyden J. Iran boasts of Stuxnet ’nuclear spies’ arrests. The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/04/stuxnet_conspiracy_theories/; October 4, 2010 [accessed February 16, 2011].54. From an interview with Ralph Langer by Yaakov Katz in “Stuxnet Virus Set Back Iran’s Nuclear Program by 2Years.” Jerusalem Post. http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/daily-news-article/stuxnet-virus-set-back-irans-nuclear-program-by-2-years/; December 15, 2010 [accessed February 16, 2011].
238 13. ATTACKING IRANIAN NUCLEAR FACILITIES: STUXNET55. Albright et al. 6.56. Stuxnet also found at industrial plants in Germany. The H Security. http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Stuxnet-also-found-at-industrial-plants-in-Germany-1081469.html; September 17, 2010 [accessed February16, 2011].57. Stuxnet Spreads to Finland. The New Internet. http://www.thenewnewinternet.com/2010/10/14/stuxnetspreads-to-scandinavia/;October 2010 [accessed February 16, 2011].58. Leyden J.Stuxnet worm slithers into China. The Register http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/01/stuxnet_china_analysis/; October 2010 [accessed February 16, 2011].59. Brandstetter.60. Albright et al. 5.61. Langer R. 417 Installed in Bushehr NPP. Langer Communications GmbH Blog. http://www.langner.com/en/2010/12/14/417-installed-in-bushehr-npp/; December 14, 2010 [accessed February 16, 2011].62. Interview with Roel Schouwenberg at Virus Bulletin (see note 2).63. Davis M. Stuxnet reality check, Inf Week analytics 2013; http://www.savidtech.com/wp-content/themes/sti/images/stories/PDF/S2840511_DR_stuxnet.pdf [accessed February 26, 2013].64. Barford and Yegneswaran, 2.65. Ibid., 3.66. Matrosov et al. 13. Also see the related ESET technical blog post at http://blog.eset.com/2010/07/22/why-stealdigital-certificates;[accessed February 16, 2011].67. Matrosov et al. 5.68. For details on the November 2010 U.S. Senate hearing in the aftermath of Stuxnet, see http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction¼Hearings.Hearing&Hearing_id¼954c3149-042e-4028-ae23-754868902c44[accessed February 16, 2011].69. See Jeffrey Carr, Inside Cyber Warfare for a detailed analysis of these issues.70. Stuxnet-like attacks have been predicted by several computer security professionals, including Symantec Corporation(see MessageLabs Intelligence: 2010 Annual Security Report). Several experts also make such predictions ineWeek (http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Stuxnet-Variants-Will-Wreak-Havoc-on-More-Information-Systems-in-2011-373179/) ComputerWeekly (http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2010/12/22/244626/StuxNet-prepare-for-worse-in-2011.htm) [accessed April 17, 2013].71. Rashid F. Stuxnet-Like Trojans Can Exploit Critical Flaw in Chinese Industrial Software. eWeek. http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/StuxnetLike-Trojans-Can-Exploit-Critical-Flaw-in-Chinese-Industrial-Software-296674/; January 12, 2011 [accessed February 16, 2011].72. Kerr PK. Iran’s nuclear program: status, Congressional Research Service. Pdf-file available at; http://isis-online.org/uploads/conferences/documents/CRS_Iran_August2009_1.pdf; August 11, 2009 [accessed April 17, 2013].73. IAEA. Implementation of the NPT Safeguards agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolution 1737(2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pdf-file available at: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2009/gov2009-8.pdf; February 19, 2009 [accessed April 17, 2013].74. Albright ,WalrondC. Performance of the IR-1Centrifuge at Natanz. Institute for Science and International Security:Pdf-file available at; http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IR1_Centrifuge_Performance_18October2011.pdf; October 18, 2011 [accessed April 17, 2013].75. Albright D,Walrond C. Performance of the IR-1 Centrifuge at Natanz. Institute for Science and International Security:Pdf-file available at; http://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/IR1_Centrifuge_Performance_18October2011.pdf; October 18, 2011 [accessed April 17, 2013].76. ISIS Report. Satellite imagery of two possible sites of the Qom enrichment facility in Iran. Available at: http://isisonline.org/isis-reports/detail/satellite-imagery-of-two-possible-sites-of-the-qom-enrichment-facility-in-i/8#images;September 25, 2009 [accessed April 17, 2013].77. Albright D, Brannan P, Stricker A, Walrond C. Natanz Enrichment Site: Boondoggle or Part of an Atomic Bomb ProductionComplex? ISIS Reports. Available at: http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/natanz-enrichment-siteboondoggle-or-part-of-an-atomic-bomb-production-comp/;September 21, 2011 [accessed April 17, 2013].78. Albright D, Brannan B, Stricker A, Walrond C. Natanz enrichment site: Boondoggle or part of an atomic bomb productioncomplex? ISIS Reports. Available at: http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/natanz-enrichment-site-boondoggle-or-part-of-an-atomic-bomb-production-comp/; September 21, 2011 [accessed April 17, 2013].
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INTRODUCTION TOCYBER-WARFARE
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INTRODUCTIONTO CYBER-WARFAREA Multi
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ContentsPreface ixForeword xiIntrod
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CONTENTSviiHow Real-World Dependenc
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PrefaceSince Stuxnet emerged in 201
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ForewordThe concept of cyber warfar
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IntroductionIt is 2006. An American
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INTRODUCTIONxvinfamous hacking grou
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BiographyPaulo Shakarian, Ph.D. is
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C H A P T E R1Cyber Warfare: Here a
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IS CYBER WAR A CREDIBLE THREAT?3sec
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ATTRIBUTION, DECEPTION, AND INTELLI
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INFORMATION ASSURANCE74. Time: Temp
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P A R T ICYBER ATTACKInformation ha
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C H A P T E R2Political Cyber Attac
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RUDIMENTARY BUT EFFECTIVE: DENIAL O
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THE DIFFICULTY OF ASSIGNING BLAME:
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS17FI
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ESTONIA IS HIT BY CYBER ATTACKS19Th
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22 2. POLITICAL CYBER ATTACK COMES
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24 3. HOW CYBER ATTACKS AUGMENTED R
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34 4. CYBER AND INFORMATION OPERATI
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44 5. CYBER ATTACK AGAINST INTERNAL
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68 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HAC
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100 6. CYBER ATTACKS BY NONSTATE HA
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114 7. WHY CYBER ESPIONAGE IS A KEY
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160 8. DUQU, FLAME, GAUSS, THE NEXT
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172 9. LOSING TRUST IN YOUR FRIENDS
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Page 219 and 220: 200 11. CYBER WARFARE AGAINST INDUS
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Page 261 and 262: 242 CONCLUSION AND THE FUTURE OF CY
Page 265 and 266: 246 APPENDIX I. CHAPTER 6: LULZSEC
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288 APPENDIX II. CHAPTER 6: ANONYMO
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308 GLOSSARYDDoS distributed denial
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310 GLOSSARYNIST National Institute
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314 INDEXCyber exploitation (Contin
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316 INDEXNATO (Continued)high-level
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318 INDEXTechnical intelligence (TE
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