2) A disaster will <strong>in</strong>evitably have repercussions on social and economicsystems, and <strong>in</strong> most cases this occurs abruptly when deal<strong>in</strong>g with naturaldisasters.3) There is a qualitative difference between an <strong>in</strong>cident and a disaster (anumber of attempts have been made to quantify disaster <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> terms;however the number of variables and parameters <strong>in</strong>volved have renderedthese attempts unsuccessful (Foster, 1976; Burton et al., 1978).Nevertheless, as there needs to be some way of quantify<strong>in</strong>g what qualifiesas a disaster, Alexander (1997) identified four elements that are typicallyused as benchmarks; they <strong>in</strong>clude: number of deaths, value of damage orlosses, impact on the social system and geophysical def<strong>in</strong>itions.4) The effects of a disaster are not restricted to the immediate event. In fact thesecondary effects of a disaster may <strong>in</strong>stigate an even harsher deteriorationof social well-be<strong>in</strong>g through, for <strong>in</strong>stance, forced migration, disease, tradereductions, and environmental modifications (ECLAC, 2003). In this sensedisasters affect lives both directly and <strong>in</strong>directly.5) There is generally more irreversible damage <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries, thepoorest and most vulnerable experience the greatest social, economic andenvironmental impact (ECLAC, 2003); <strong>in</strong> developed regions the availabilityof resources and higher level of technology reduce vulnerability and cannegate the impact, ex. Early Warn<strong>in</strong>g Systems (EWS).In summary, a natural disaster will <strong>in</strong>evitably entail a sudden and profound impacton the environment, which disrupts both <strong>in</strong> the immediate and chronic sense, socialand economic fabrics of humans. Essentially, there is no one-size-fits-all def<strong>in</strong>itionof a disaster. Multi-discipl<strong>in</strong>ary approaches that consider the overall social,economic, political, and environmental context are therefore crucial forunderstand<strong>in</strong>g how to prepare for and respond to disasters.The Role of NGOs <strong>in</strong> Disaster Mitigation and Response – A <strong>Case</strong> <strong>Study</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Uttarakhand</strong>, <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>India</strong> 15
2.1.2 VulnerabilityVulnerability is another term frequently used <strong>in</strong> the disaster discourse albeit withconfus<strong>in</strong>g undertones. Alexander (1997) proposed that the term is often confusedwith risk. To clarify, risk can be considered as “the product of hazard (the physicalagent and its impact) and vulnerability as the susceptibility to damage or <strong>in</strong>jury”(UNDRO, 1982).Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Parkash (2005), vulnerability is “a factor of weakness <strong>in</strong> differentelements when exposed to a given hazardous event and is def<strong>in</strong>ed as apercentage or fractions of all the elements <strong>in</strong> a particular set of elements that willbe affected by a specific event. Based on the elements at risk, vulnerability can beclassified as physical vulnerability, social vulnerability and attitud<strong>in</strong>al vulnerability”.There are many factors to consider as to what makes a community vulnerable <strong>in</strong>the first place and to what extent. What circumstances or events have led tovulnerability to the disaster? Was this disaster socially constructed? Are somegroups more vulnerable than others? What are the politics beh<strong>in</strong>d the disaster?What is the frequency of disasters <strong>in</strong> the area? (Comfort et al., 1999; Beck, 2005;Houghton, 2005). An understand<strong>in</strong>g of the various dimensions of vulnerability andcontext or background, preventative measures can be taken both pre-disaster (ex.Early Warn<strong>in</strong>g Systems), and post-disaster strategies have a better start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>tfrom which reconstruction and recovery can be facilitated. Understand<strong>in</strong>g wherethe problems orig<strong>in</strong>ate reduces the risk of repeat<strong>in</strong>g the same mistakes <strong>in</strong> areasprone to hazard where the risk of yet another disaster strik<strong>in</strong>g is <strong>in</strong>fallible; often“vulnerability is reconstructed <strong>in</strong>stead of be<strong>in</strong>g reduced “ (ECLAC, 2003). A cycle ofongo<strong>in</strong>g risk assessment, vulnerability mapp<strong>in</strong>g, and needs assessments areimportant sources of <strong>in</strong>formation with which NGOs can make decisions for projectplann<strong>in</strong>g and susta<strong>in</strong>able strategies (Houghton, 2005; Comfort et al.,1999).Therefore, mitigation towards disaster must also tackle the arduous challenge ofreduc<strong>in</strong>g vulnerability through susta<strong>in</strong>able measures that help to <strong>in</strong>crease acommunity’s resilience to loss (Wisner, 1993).The Role of NGOs <strong>in</strong> Disaster Mitigation and Response – A <strong>Case</strong> <strong>Study</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Uttarakhand</strong>, <strong>Northern</strong> <strong>India</strong> 16
- Page 1 and 2: The Role of Non GovernmentalOrganis
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Table 3.7: Percentage of safe house
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3.2 DiscussionThe discussion segmen
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In Study Area A the number of earth
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2) mitigation measures were taken i
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3.3 ConclusionsIn conclusion, the s
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ReferencesAlexander, D., 1997. The
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Guptasarma, D. 1996. Is the Seismic
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Telford, J. and Cosgrave, J., 2007.
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Annex I - Earthquake safe featuresT
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The Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitiga
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The Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitiga
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The Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitiga
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Annex 2 - Mason Interview ResultsSt
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11. How to make such a course more
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sloped roof 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 1 2.78s
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17. Do homeowners request earthquak
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light roof 1 0 1 2.78 0 0.00RCC 1 3
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6. How long have you lived in the v
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16. Do you have an emergency commun
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26. What activities related to the
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36. Would you prefer traditional ma
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Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua
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Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua