A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India - Geological & Mining ...

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decrease in the percentage of unsafe constructions by PSI trained masons, 67 %to 37 %. The number of unsafe constructions by other masons (non-PSI trained)has risen slightly (81 % to 82 %) and the number of safe constructions by othermasons has dropped slightly from 19 % to 18 % (Table 3.5).Table 3.5: Overall mason performance for earthquake-safe construction (2007)Mason performancePercentage908070605040302010063Safe37UnsafePSI trained82Unsafe18SafeOther MasonsAdditional findings• As mentioned previously, the number of frame structure constructions in thestudy area has increased in comparison to load-bearing. Out of 52 newlyconstructed buildings 60 % are frame structures. A survey and evaluation onthe impact of the mason training programme conducted by PSI in 2006revealed that only 24 % of all buildings erected between 2004 and 2006were frame structures. This is a significant shift in a positive direction forbuilding practice in the area and should be addressed by all agenciesoffering training workshops.• There is an increase in attention to detail with respect to the diameter of thestirrups and rods in frame structures. 56 % of masons or homeownersreported that the houses are built with 10-12 mm steel rod diameter and 6mm ring diameter. 30 % of the masons reported to have used a spacingThe Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Response – A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India 63
etween stirrups of 6-12 inches. Although this was verifiable in a few casesof buildings under construction, the information should not be taken at facevalue. After all, as it may be a case of masons feeling as though they werebeing tested or monitored and therefore reported on the “correct” way ofdoing things. In any case, this attention to detail is a positive sign thatmasons are in the very least aware of what the numbers should be.• As transportation of building materials in the mountainous area ischallenging, most frame structure constructions are found close to roadwaysas they require more materials and complex logistics. A further analysis hasrevealed a correlation between the distance to the nearest road and the typeof construction. In villages at a distance from the nearest road of greaterthan 1 km, 52 % of constructions are load-bearing. In contrast, villages withdirect road access have a proportion of 87 % frame structures.• The 2006 survey showed a dramatic difference in building habits betweenareas with and without PSI trained masons. Overall, 49 % of newly builthouses were safe compared to a mere 5 % in the Semgadhera region.Results from the Almora region confirm these findings and are presentedbelow.3.1.3b Study Area B – Almora districtThe 2006 PSI survey revealed that training of masons in the application ofearthquake-safe features directly translates into a higher percentage ofearthquake-safe houses. Houses in Study Area B were therefore surveyed asrepresentative of an area without mason training. Construction within the last 12months was assessed in the villages of Study Area B.The survey indicates that 23 houses had been built by 23 masons (see Table 3.6).As compared to Study Area A, construction activity is lower by more than 50 % inthe rural regions surroundings Almora, although it should be noted thatThe Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Response – A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India 64
Page 1 and 2:
The Role of Non GovernmentalOrganis
Page 3 and 4:
Table of contentsChapter 1 - Introd
Page 5 and 6:
List of figuresFigure 1.1: Study re
Page 7 and 8:
preparedness, and has potential to
Page 9 and 10:
This case study investigates the im
Page 11 and 12:
• What are homeowner perceptions
Page 13 and 14:
Seismic activity in this area is du
Page 15 and 16:
The study comprises two regions: St
Page 17 and 18:
1.4.1 - b Study Area B- Almora dist
Page 19 and 20: etc. operational). The study involv
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 - Theoretical Orientation
Page 23 and 24: 2.1.2 VulnerabilityVulnerability is
Page 25 and 26: of a disaster everyone knows how to
Page 27 and 28: disaster management in the country,
Page 29 and 30: Despite the apparent increased cons
Page 31 and 32: 2.3.1 Disaster Mitigation and Prepa
Page 33 and 34: save lives. This event marked a pri
Page 35 and 36: Systems technologies and education
Page 37 and 38: As suggested previously, there is a
Page 39 and 40: on the main agenda (Benson et al, 2
Page 41 and 42: Frame structureFramed structures ha
Page 43 and 44: The curriculum of the PSI workshops
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.2a: Community based disast
Page 47 and 48: district irrespective of the fact t
Page 49 and 50: etrofitting, monitoring and homeown
Page 51 and 52: structures as an alarming forty-fiv
Page 53 and 54: Reponses for what features masons t
Page 55 and 56: trained masons in the Study Area A
Page 57 and 58: ecommended that a similar study be
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2b Awareness and Dissemination
Page 61 and 62: It is interesting to note that when
Page 63 and 64: Community based disaster preparedne
Page 65 and 66: 3.1.3 - Section 3 Housing Impact As
Page 67 and 68: Load-bearing1.single steel rod in e
Page 69: The overall proportion of newly bui
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.7: Percentage of safe house
Page 75 and 76: 3.2 DiscussionThe discussion segmen
Page 77 and 78: In Study Area A the number of earth
Page 79 and 80: 2) mitigation measures were taken i
Page 81 and 82: 3.3 ConclusionsIn conclusion, the s
Page 83 and 84: ReferencesAlexander, D., 1997. The
Page 85 and 86: Guptasarma, D. 1996. Is the Seismic
Page 87 and 88: Telford, J. and Cosgrave, J., 2007.
Page 89 and 90: Annex I - Earthquake safe featuresT
Page 91 and 92: The Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitiga
Page 97 and 98: Annex 2 - Mason Interview ResultsSt
Page 99 and 100: 11. How to make such a course more
Page 101 and 102: sloped roof 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 1 2.78s
Page 103 and 104: 17. Do homeowners request earthquak
Page 105 and 106: light roof 1 0 1 2.78 0 0.00RCC 1 3
Page 107 and 108: 6. How long have you lived in the v
Page 109 and 110: 16. Do you have an emergency commun
Page 111 and 112: 26. What activities related to the
Page 113 and 114: 36. Would you prefer traditional ma
Page 115 and 116: Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua
Page 117: Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua
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