A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India - Geological & Mining ...

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2. Ownership – within the continued relief and development debate, no one really“owns” preparedness and risk reduction, it lays adrift in no-mans land. Also, themisconception that by simply adopting a pro-poor development focus risk reductionwill be achieved, where in reality a heightened awareness of context and the rootof poverty would contribute more to reducing vulnerability and subsequent risk.3. Competition - the out of sight, out of mind nature of DMP can hardly competewith seemingly more pressing and visible issues such as health care or education.2.3.2 Where does mitigation and preparedness fit in the“disaster continuum”?Literature covering the debate of linking relief and development is more thanabundant and has been ongoing for some time. Documentation of DMP within thisframework, on the other hand, is scarce. As the literature implies, themainstreaming of DMP is continually recognized as an important step forward indisaster management. This begs the question why mitigation and preparednessare not more prominently included in the disaster continuum? The benefits ofpreparedness and mitigation would seem obvious to most, but ironically are rarelyfactored in, thereby confining disaster strategies and approaches to the context ofthe relief-development continuum. In fact, some would argue that DMP is regardedas “a type of activity rather than something intrinsic to sustainable development”(Alexander, 1997).Houghton (2005) stated, “disaster preparedness/mitigation is cited as the mostimportant issue to emerge from recent (humanitarian assistance) evaluations”. It isrecommended time and time again that disaster preparedness can effectively beused to educate local communities about the risks they face, and assist them indeveloping their own coping mechanisms and emergency plans for when the nextinevitable disaster strikes. In other words, an ounce of prevention is worth a poundof cure. An educated community, equipped with strategies for adequate reaction inan emergency situation, will most certainly help to ease components of a reliefoperation, and in turn speed up the process for the road to recovery. Early WarningThe Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Response – A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India 27
Systems technologies and education programmes should therefore be integratedinto development projects promoting sustainable development in areas prone tohazard (Govt. of India, 2002). Yet this appears to be a shortcoming on thissupposedly ever-evolving field of knowledge.Furthermore, the time span between immediate relief and post-disaster recoveryrequires reevaluation and increased coordination between all persons and bodiesinvolved. NGOs responding to natural disasters need to be aware of the effects oftheir actions, both societal and environmental, during the transition period (i.e.relief, rehabilitation, and recovery). What sets natural disasters apart from otherdisasters (such as conflict) is that a recurrence of the event is virtually inescapable.This presents a unique challenge to all mitigation efforts. Therefore, naturaldisasters require additional attention in the transition period to ensure thatstrategies are in place for increased preparedness and reducing vulnerabilities as ameans of mitigation for probable subsequent events. “When countries fail to factorhazard and vulnerability considerations into their development policies, strategies,and plans, economic growth and social welfare become eroded by large-scaledisaster loss while increasing demands are made on national and internationalhumanitarian assistance.” (UN Executive Report).Twigg et al. (2000) reported that varying views on the disaster continuum insist thatthere are no distinct phases and no linear progression from one phase to another.A particularly well-expressed view suggests that, ”there are no boundaries betweenrelief and development. It’s not a continuum and it’s not linear. You haveemergency situations within ongoing development, and you need to useemergency response to promote long-term development, so the two are embeddedin each other”. Perhaps an improvement to this model is a more cyclicalrepresentation illustrating the ongoing integration integral to disaster management(Sharma, 2004; Palakudiyil and Todd, 2003) (Figure 2.1).Christopolos et al. (2001) state that the confusion around where DMP falls into thebroader picture of the relief and development work has undoubtedly contributed toThe Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Response – A Case Study in Uttarakhand, Northern India 28
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Non GovernmentalOrganis
Page 3 and 4: Table of contentsChapter 1 - Introd
Page 5 and 6: List of figuresFigure 1.1: Study re
Page 7 and 8: preparedness, and has potential to
Page 9 and 10: This case study investigates the im
Page 11 and 12: • What are homeowner perceptions
Page 13 and 14: Seismic activity in this area is du
Page 15 and 16: The study comprises two regions: St
Page 17 and 18: 1.4.1 - b Study Area B- Almora dist
Page 19 and 20: etc. operational). The study involv
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 - Theoretical Orientation
Page 23 and 24: 2.1.2 VulnerabilityVulnerability is
Page 25 and 26: of a disaster everyone knows how to
Page 27 and 28: disaster management in the country,
Page 29 and 30: Despite the apparent increased cons
Page 31 and 32: 2.3.1 Disaster Mitigation and Prepa
Page 33: save lives. This event marked a pri
Page 37 and 38: As suggested previously, there is a
Page 39 and 40: on the main agenda (Benson et al, 2
Page 41 and 42: Frame structureFramed structures ha
Page 43 and 44: The curriculum of the PSI workshops
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.2a: Community based disast
Page 47 and 48: district irrespective of the fact t
Page 49 and 50: etrofitting, monitoring and homeown
Page 51 and 52: structures as an alarming forty-fiv
Page 53 and 54: Reponses for what features masons t
Page 55 and 56: trained masons in the Study Area A
Page 57 and 58: ecommended that a similar study be
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.2b Awareness and Dissemination
Page 61 and 62: It is interesting to note that when
Page 63 and 64: Community based disaster preparedne
Page 65 and 66: 3.1.3 - Section 3 Housing Impact As
Page 67 and 68: Load-bearing1.single steel rod in e
Page 69 and 70: The overall proportion of newly bui
Page 71 and 72: etween stirrups of 6-12 inches. Alt
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.7: Percentage of safe house
Page 75 and 76: 3.2 DiscussionThe discussion segmen
Page 77 and 78: In Study Area A the number of earth
Page 79 and 80: 2) mitigation measures were taken i
Page 81 and 82: 3.3 ConclusionsIn conclusion, the s
Page 83 and 84: ReferencesAlexander, D., 1997. The
Page 85 and 86:
Guptasarma, D. 1996. Is the Seismic
Page 87 and 88:
Telford, J. and Cosgrave, J., 2007.
Page 89 and 90:
Annex I - Earthquake safe featuresT
Page 91 and 92:
The Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitiga
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Annex 2 - Mason Interview ResultsSt
Page 99 and 100:
11. How to make such a course more
Page 101 and 102:
sloped roof 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 1 2.78s
Page 103 and 104:
17. Do homeowners request earthquak
Page 105 and 106:
light roof 1 0 1 2.78 0 0.00RCC 1 3
Page 107 and 108:
6. How long have you lived in the v
Page 109 and 110:
16. Do you have an emergency commun
Page 111 and 112:
26. What activities related to the
Page 113 and 114:
36. Would you prefer traditional ma
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua
Page 117:
Appendix IV - Breakdown of earthqua
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