awej 5 no.4 full issue 2014

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AWEJ Volume.5 Number.4, 2014Towards Processing Arabic Minimal Syllable AutomaticallyDib3.3.5 Long syllable closed with two consonants, it is composed of a consonant, a vowel, andtwo consonants e.g. karb, fadl.4. Data baseArabic language contains 28 consonants, and 6 vowels; 3 long vowels represented in threeconsonants waw,ja and alif, and 3 short vowels represented in three diacritic marks fathat,dammat and kasrat,.The list of consonants starts with the /ʡ/ sound known as hamza and endswith the /j/ sound. To get a simple unit one short vowel is added to a consonant e.g. (b+a,), bycontrast to get a complex unit many combinations are made as shown above in types of syllables.It should be noted that the data is tabulated below. As for the words selected for study, they arethree words containing the minimal syllable/ ʔa/ located in first, mid and final position and wererecorded by 40 speakers then segmented and as a result 120 syllables were obtained. Table 1 andtable 2 may show this clearly5. Syllable’s Recognition Using Neural Net WorksIn order to process sound, three fundamental phases should be taken into account; Pre-Treatment, Treatment and After-Treatment phases. In the Pre-Treatment phase, words arerecorded (known as speech prior analysis) over a microphone, and then segmented into syllablesto process the sound. It is the starting point which helps in automatic treatment. Then move tothe next phase known as treatment phase where an analog signal is converted into a digital one inorder to get the spectrum known as the identity card of the sound because it contains numericalvalues, that is, frequencies, amplitude, and periodicity. After that, we move to the final phasecalled after-treatment phase where characteristics of the signal are injected in the neural systemas an input e.g. formant1 ,formant2,formant3,formant, periodicity, and amplitude, then try totrain the system to make an association between input and output.It should be noted that the process of recognition requires some symbols to codify data so asto be comprehended by the machine using neural net works. The code of this data is representedinto letters and numbers. The letters used for code are: A,h,d,m ,g and f .A represents theminimal syllable known as hamza in Arabic and a short vowel, the (h) stands for (homme), the( d) means (debut ),that is, the beginning, the( m) means the medial syllable ,and the (g) meansgarçon. While the letter f has two representations; one means final and the other means femme(woman). As for the numbers, they represent speakers. Tables 3 shows the words that wererecorded by 40 informants of different sex and age; 10men, 10women, 10boys, and 10girls .Thensegmented to have the minimal syllable referred to as hamza and the short vowel(a) located infirst, mid and final position.As indicated in Table 4 and 5, numerical values concerning referential and test samples aredisplayed for the process of recognition. We mean by referential sample input and output ofminimal syllable located in first, mid and final position. Input encompasses numerical values offormants, amplitude and period, while output represents the recorded sounds. Training neuralnet works to recognize sounds requires three things ;frequency of formants, amplitude and periodwhich are put in the upper layer as nodes, then connected to a hidden layer which is connectedto a lower layer that represents output.Arab World English JournalISSN: 2229-9327www.awej.org369
AWEJ Volume.5 Number.4, 2014Towards Processing Arabic Minimal Syllable AutomaticallyDibTable1. VowelsNumbershort vowelsArabic writtenformLatin written formphonetictranscription1 ُ DAMMA u2َFATHAa3ِKASRAILong vowels1و WAW u: 2ا ALIF a: 3ي YAE i: Table1 shows the types of vowels in Arabic, number of vowels, Arabic written form, Latinwritten form, and phonetic transcription as well. The first part of the table concerns the shortvowels, while the second part regards the long vowels. The number of short vowels is threewhich are: DAMMA, FATHA, KASRA, and stand for the sound [u], [a], and [I] in English.Table 2. Minimal syllablesNumber Arabic writtenformLatin written form1 َ a /ʡa/Phonetictranscription2 ُ u /ʡu/3 ِ ɪ /ʡɪ/Arab World English JournalISSN: 2229-9327www.awej.org370
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awej 5 no.4 full issue 2014

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