General index 399Egyptian medicine 4, 9 n.17ejaculation 259, 271f.elementary qualities, Diocles on 24elements, four 12, 19; of foodstuffs 83elite physicians 19emanatory theory of vision 211embryo 178; status of 11embryology 10, 14; Diocles on 24embryonic development 11emotion 129, 172, 181, 224, 236Empedocles 19, 20–1, 33, 34, 156, 165, 231 n.81;haematocentric theory 125; healing activityof 13; medical interests of 10, 103; onsterility 17empirical method 78, 85; approach to medicine 9n.17, 123; data 134, 135; evidence 25, 121, 177–8,282, 286; observation 130, 170; research 10Empiricists 12, 16, 28–9, 75, 77, 80, 84, 97, 102,105, 279, 282, 291ff., 321ff., 325encephalocentric theory 21, 124, 135Enlightenment 2enthousiasmos 242 n.19; 251ff.environment 14, 225environmental history 1, 7epilepsy 17, 19, 45–73, 109, 123, 127, 131ff., 156,191; epileptic seizure 131, 177–8epilogismos 291epistemology 12; of medicine 14, 299ff.Erasistratus 7, 28, 104, 110–11, 118, 326; onhorrorvacui 12; interest in ‘physics’ 11; on mechanicalvs. teleological explanation 12; reception ofAristotelian ideas in 16; on the use ofexperience 99error 265; in pharmacology 286ethics 26; in Aristotle 17; history of medical 4;medical 7; role of nature in 214ethnography of literature 30ēthopoion 141, 152, 158, 166Euclid 31Eudemus 264euphuia 145, 165, 227, 232Euripides, religious beliefs of 46Europe, Aristotle’s views on 225eutuchia 17evacuations, Diocles on 110evidence, medical 26; see also empirical methodexcretions 53exercise 113experience 24, 78, 84–5, 195, 254f., 279ff., 282ff.,321ff.; ‘practised’ 291; ‘qualified’ 98, 280ff.; vs.reason 29experiment 12, 135, 282, 297f.explanation 9 n.17, 12; see also causal explanationexternal remedies, Diocles on 110eyes, rolling of 131faeces 153fainting fit 177falsification 135fear 156, 236female, contribution to generation 11;reproductive anatomy 25fertility 11; fertility test 270 n.48; see alsoinfertility <strong>and</strong> sterilityfever 10, 11, 28, 145, 181; Diocles on 24, 110final cause 204; see also causefire, element 19, 27, 128, 231first person, use in scientific literature 40flesh 226–7; people with hard 166, 213; peoplewith soft 166, 213, 230fluids, bodily 12, 129, 153Föllinger, S. 261, 274fomentations 113foods 10, 14; Diocles on 24foodstuffs 282, 288, 294form–matter distinction 208, 235, 261fortune, good (eutuchia) 17, good 232, 238ff.Frede, M. 316Fredrich, C. 86freedom, intellectual 47–8 n.10frenzy, Plato on 245Galen 3, 5, 7, 8, 28–9, 40, 302, 303, 327; onHipp. writings 21; ideas about distinguishedphysicians 123; on oral teaching 37; on overlapbetween medicine <strong>and</strong> <strong>philosophy</strong> 13;presentation of Diocles by 97; <strong>philosophy</strong> ofscience 12; on reason <strong>and</strong> experience 279ff.;reception of Aristotelian ideas in 14, 16;relation to Alex<strong>and</strong>er 28; teleology 16; viewson the history of medicine 11; works: On theMethod of Healing 282; On Mixtures 287ff.; Onthe Powers of Foodstuffs 76ff., 285; Thrasybulus118gas 132gender 213, 287, 303; studies 8general, vs. particular 10generalisation 89, 290generality (koinotēs) 303, 325generation 259ff.genius 18, 165genres 32–4genus 12, 316, 319Glaucias 104gnōmē 130Gnosticism 88gods 5, 239; in Aristotle 238, 243 n.21, 245, 253ff.;as causes of disease 58, 60, 65, 71; as healers62, 71; as purifiers of moral errors 65, 71; assenders of dreams 143–4, 189Gorgianic figures of speech 33, 36
400 General indexGourevitch, D. 316gradualist view on intelligence 222, 231grammar, ancient 14Greeks 225guardian deity 239gymnastics 26gynaecology, Diocles on 24, 110habit 164, 208 n.10, 254f.haematocentric theory 125, 132haemorrhage 311, 315, 325half-sleep 181, 185h<strong>and</strong>s, human 216, 227; clenching of 131harm, iatrogenic 101; todono26harmonics 264Harvey 3health, causes of 11, 194; regimen in 110, 113ff.;restoration of 114ff.healthcare system 5, 6heart 119, 122, 126, 129, 133–5, 177, 228; chambersof 178; cognitive role of 26; left ventricle of 130heat 158; 218, 236; bodily 129, 273; see also hotHecataeus 23, 39Heracles 156Heracles, Pillars of 187–8; 202Heraclides of Tarentum 104, 306, 323Heraclitus 18, 22, 172; on dreams 170herbs 24hereditary aspects of disease 131heritage 213Hermotimus 173Herodotus 23, 38–9; on dreams 170Herophilus 7, 27–8, 104, 110; on causation 12;interest in ‘physics’ 11; reception ofAristotelian ideas in 16Hesiod 50 n.14Hippocrates 3, 5, 7, 10, 21–5, 103; Dioclespresented as second to 74; as represented byGalen 327Hippocratic medicine 20; diversity within 5Hippocratic writers, on body–soul relationship124; development of epistemological concepts12; on melancholy 140, 154–5; on soulfunctions 122; on status of the medical art105ff.; therapeutic principles of 26; ontherapeutics 110ff.; views on location ofmental functions 26–7Hippocratic writings 2, 13, 19, 34ff., 102;anonymity of 23; diversity within 21ff.;differences with regard to Aristotle 263, 267ff.,269; known to Aristotle 14, 16; similaritieswith Aristotle 260, 274; works: Airs WatersPlaces 21, 34, 56, 191; Aphorisms 75 n.5;Epidemics 2, 31–2, 34, 39; Oath 2, 5, 21, 26,101–2; On Affections 112; On Ancient <strong>Medicine</strong>2, 19, 36, 75–6, 86ff., 122, 282; On the Art of<strong>Medicine</strong> 18, 33, 36, 269; On Breaths 18, 33, 36,125, 132f, 134, 269; On Diseases 1 36, 115, 125;On Diseases 2 115, 125; On Diseases 3 115; OnDiseases of Women 35; On Fleshes 9 n.17, 12, 18,130, 195; On Generation / On the Nature of theChild/On Diseases 4 17, 269; On the Heart 125,130; On Internal Affections 115; On the Natureof Man 9 n.17, 12, 18, 34, 140, 153, 155; On theNature of the Woman 35 On Places in Man 18;On Regimen 5, 12, 18, 22, 27, 71–2, 75–6, 86ff.,111, 122, 127, 169–70, 172, 175, 191, 195, 198ff.,230–1; On the Sacred Disease 2, 5, 9 n.17, 17,19, 34, 36, 45–73, 123, 131–2, 134, 156, 191;Pharmakitis 112historiography, ancient 14Homer 50 n.14, 182homosexuality 302hopelessness, of cases of disease 57, 71 n.62, 102,115–16hot, elementary quality of 12, 19, 89, 225, 228, 230human, nature of disease 48ff., 51ff., 57–8humours 9 n.17, 12, 24, 27, 90, 159; theory of140–1, 153hupothesis 19, 122hygiene 14, 24–6hylomorphism 173, 199Hymes, D. 32–3ileus 107imagination 141, 144ff., 149ff., 223–4; in Aristotle17, 170, 175, 179, 182impiety (asebeia) 46, 48 n.10, 62–3, 69impotence 56, 191imprints 216impulses (hormai ) 240, 246incantations 63, 131incidental perception 234incurability 62Indian medicine 5indication (endeixis) 78, 282, 303; (tekmērion) 12,169indigestion 315inference from signs 13, 24, 27, 29; inferentialreasoning 279, 282, 315infertility, female 259ff., 262ff.; male 259, 268inherited features 11, 265insects 177instability 158ff., 161, 166institutional history of medicine 4intellectual history 4intellectuals, religious beliefs of 47, 70intelligence 55, 120, 166; degrees of 222, 225, 228intuition 231–2invisible 84, 309
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MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHYIN CLASSICAL
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge
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ContentsAcknowledgementsNote on tra
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2 Medicine and Philosophy in Classi
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Introduction 23‘Hippocratic writi
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Introduction 41from Pergamum. And,
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part iHippocratic Corpus and Diocle
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part iiAristotle and his school
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140 Aristotle and his schoolit woul
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142 Aristotle and his schoolmovemen
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part iiiLate antiquity
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280 Late antiquityindispensable ins
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282 Late antiquityhotly debated que
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BibliographyAbel, K. (1958), ‘Die
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330 Bibliography(1983), ‘Ancient
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332 BibliographyBoncampagni, R. (19
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334 BibliographyCambiano, G. and Re
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336 Bibliography(1989), ‘Menstrua
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338 BibliographyDierbach, J. H. (18
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340 BibliographyEemeren, F. van, Gr
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342 Bibliography(1868), Über den S
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344 BibliographyFrère, J., (1983),
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346 BibliographyGrensemann, H. (196
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- Page 393 and 394: 378 Bibliography(1992a), Aristotle
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