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Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income PeoplesPhase 4The fourth and final phase of the research, of which this book is the primary output,addressed the third research question; that is, how to intervene to enhance foodsecurity and physical activity. A range of interventions was prioritised for furtherinvestigation.Selection was based on the following criteria, although greatest emphasis was givento the first three criteria:• areas receiving most support at workshops,• findings from literature review and other earlier work,• key populations: Māori, Pacific, and low-income,• initiatives covering a range of levels from macro to micro,• avoiding overlap with work in other areas that was already underway,• utilising the strengths of the research team, eg, Māori nutrition and healtheconomics expertise, and• practical considerations of where value could be added to the evidencealready gained, and what was possible within the scope of the project.The 16 interventions investigated are listed below under the controlling parameter towhich they relate. These 16 interventions are detailed in the following chapters asindicated in Table 1.3 on the following page.Table 1.3 Interventions by control parameter and chapter headingChapter 2: Money available in households2.1 Potential uses of economic instruments2.2 Increasing the statutory minimum wage rate2.3 Full and correct benefit entitlements2.4 Fringe lender responsibility2.5 Provision of free or subsidised food in schoolsChapter 3: Food purchasing influences3.1 Enhancing cooking skills3.2 Iwi pan tribal development of traditional Māori food sources3.3 Community markets, community gardens, and improving access to foodChapter 4: Cost of healthy nutritious food4.1 Community-based initiatives4.2 The potential role of the food industryChapter 5: Improving urban design5 Enhancing open space and connectivityChapter 6: Provision of physical activity programmes that are culturally specific6.1 Developing capacity6.2 Evaluation and research6.3 Using tikanga to encourage physical activity in MāoriChapter 7: Cross cutting themes7.1 The potential uses of Health Impact Assessment7.2 Building on current initiatives7
Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income PeoplesThe specific methods used to explore each intervention are discussed in eachchapter. Two levels of research were employed. One was comprehensive, with asystematic literature review. In some cases, a limited number of key informantinterviews were also undertaken in order to strengthen the New Zealand perspectivein relation to the intervention being explored. Each paper using this approach uses thefilter criteria 15 plus cost-benefit analysis, as appropriate, to consider the ‘achievability’of the proposed intervention. The other level of research involved a literature scan andaimed to raise the awareness of key stakeholders of the potential of these particularinterventions. In all cases where literature scans are used, recommendations focuson the need for further research and policy development. Both levels of research wereemployed in order to study as wide a range of interventions as possible, thus allowinga comprehensive suite of interventions to be identified in relation to these complexissues.Peer review played a key role in the development of these chapters. This includedpeer review by the research team, an advisory group of key stakeholders from centralgovernment and relevant non-governmental organisations, and by other key expertsas required to support the expertise of current reviewers (for example, an expert inhealth impact assessment reviewed the chapter on this topic).An overview of the ENHANCE project and key findings and draft recommendationsfrom the intervention papers were presented at workshops at the Agencies forNutrition Action (ANA) Conference held in May 2009 in Wellington. This forumprovided an opportunity to obtain feedback from leaders in the fields of food securityand physical activity working in a wide range of agencies across the country.Feedback was obtained in small facilitated discussion groups on the key interventions.Approximately 40 people attended the food security workshop and 20 attended thephysical activity workshop. Overall, feedback was largely positive. However,participants provided valuable advice about the proposed recommendations that wasincorporated, as appropriate, when drafting final recommendations.The chapters in this book represent a ‘portfolio’ of interventions that includesrecommendations for action across government, industry, community and researchsectors. The interventions impact across political, socio-cultural, economic andphysical environments. Taken together, they are designed to impact on the fiveareas where intervention is likely to be most effective (on the control parameters), asdiscussed in Chapter 8. If implemented, they should act to enhance food security andphysical activity for Māori, Pacific and low-income people. It should be stressed thatmultiple interventions are required to impact on multiple control parameters operatingacross a complex social system. The intention is that the identified interventions besimultaneously implemented and not cherry-picked based on ease of implementation.However, it may be that there are additional interventions, not yet identified, that couldimpact on the control parameters. If so, including these as evidence emerges willlikely serve to increase the effectiveness of the suite of actions proposed here.Alternatively, if some interventions are shown to be unachievable, or researchevidence changes, then alternative interventions may need to be explored.References1. Dennard L, Richardson KA, Morçöl G. Introduction: Science, Theory, Models, andModeling. What does complexity do? . In: Dennard L, Richardson KA, MorçölG, editors. Complexity and Policy Analysis. Goodyear: Goodyear, 2008.8
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