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Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income Peoples6.2 Evaluation and researchRalph Maddison, Christina McKercharSummaryPhysical activity has been shown to be associated with numerous physical and mentalhealth benefits, including assisting with weight management and reduction. The need todevelop culturally-specific physical activity opportunities has been highlighted as a keyarea of interest from the ENHANCE project. A review of international and New Zealandliterature was conducted to summarise what is known about research and evaluation ofculturally-specific physical activity interventions.From an international perspective most of the research has focussed on physical activityintervention for targeted ethnic groups, rather than culturally-specific approaches. In NewZealand, there are a wide variety of culturally-specific initiatives that aim to increasephysical activity or aim to improve one’s healthy lifestyle. Existing initiatives are atvarious stages of development; with some evaluated and some yet to evaluated.Overall, there is a lack of high quality evidence supporting the effectiveness of culturallyspecificphysical activity interventions. Despite this, international and national evidencehighlights the potential for this approach. Many studies or programmes haveincorporated physical activity as part of a lifestyle intervention and it is difficult todisentangle the effect on activity. However this lifestyle approach is more consistent withthe holistic approach for Māori and Pacific people.There is a need to conduct more rigorous research to determine the impact of culturallyspecificinterventions on healthy lifestyles and behaviour change. Provision of ongoingsupport and education for those planning, delivering, and evaluating future interventionsis required to ensure rigorous design and evaluation is maintained. Building on the moresuccessful examples (e.g., Korikori a Iwi) with proper evaluation to refine and enhancethe programmes, and adequate resourcing for wider implementation is recommended.Recommendations• evaluate existing culturally-specific physical activity programmes for their impacton target populations• continue to fund culturally-specific physical activity programmes while theevidence base is building• ensure funding is provided to physical activity programmes targeted to lowincomepeople as well as Māori and Pacific people• culturally-specific physical activity programmes need to be adequately funded,including evaluation activities• the Request for Proposal process from contracting bodies should requireinformation on implementation logic and evaluation methods• evaluation activities should be supported by evaluation templates/toolkits andworkforce training.169
Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income PeoplesProblem DefinitionPhysical activity has been shown to be associated with numerous physical and mentalhealth benefits, 1-3 including assisting with weight management and reduction. 4 5 Theimportance of physical activity for Māori and Pacific was discussed at two hui, whichwere conducted by the ENHANCE team. Māori and Pacific representatives were invitedto discuss the topic of ‘provision of culturally appropriate physical activity programmes’.From this discussion a number of suggestions were generated to address this issue. Ofthese, the need for ‘Evaluation and Research’ was highlighted. This topic areaincorporated the following: to evaluate current interventions; report and publiciseeffective programmes; to support community organisations to design and conductevaluation research; and to consider kaupapa Māori research methods.The aim of this chapter is to summarise what is known about the evaluation andresearch of existing culturally-specific physical activity interventions. The first part of thechapter involves a brief scan of the international literature related to the overalleffectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity and a summary of ethnicspecificresearch initiatives that have included physical activity as part of the programme.The next section of the chapter will present a brief environmental scan of New Zealandbasedresearch projects that are pertinent to these issues. When available, the keyresults from the respective programmes are provided. Finally, the findings from theliterature are then discussed before key recommendations are provided.Physical activity levels in NZThe recommendation for adult physical activity is a minimum of 30 minutes moderate tovigorous intensity activity (MVPA) per day, on at least five days per week. In children andyoung people the recommendation is 60 minutes MVPA. In 2007/8, approximately half ofthe adult population (50.5 percent, 49.2–51.9) met the definition of being regularlyphysically active. After adjusting for age, Māori men (age standardised rates ratio, 1.05)were more likely to meet the recommendations than European men, and Pacific peoplewere the least likely (age standardised rates ratio, 0.91) to meet the recommendationcompared with men and women in the total population. 6 However, Māori (CI=14.0;12.4−15.7) and Pacific (CI=19.4; 16.6−22.2) people were more likely to be involved insedentary behaviours compared with European/other (CI=13.8; 12.8−14.7). 6 All thephysical activity data suggest few differences in physical activity and sedentarybehaviours between Māori and European/other. The overall percentage for all adultsmeeting the recommendation of 2.5 hours of physical activity per week is low(approximately 50 percent), which suggests there is still a lot of work to do. These valuesare similar to the Sport and Recreation (SPARC) Active NZ survey (48 percent). 7Data from the Youth 07 8 study showed that only 7.4 percent of Māori females and 15.8percent of Māori males met current recommendations for 60 minutes of daily physicalactivity. Sixty-five percent (65.6%) of Māori students reported 20 minutes or more ofmoderate or vigorous activity at least three times in the past seven days. This proportionwas slightly (but significantly) lower than that reported by Pākehā/NZ European students(67.2%).Various reviews of the effectiveness of physical activity interventions have beenconducted. 9 10 A limitation of these previous reviews is that they have focused oninterventions in North America, United Kingdom, Europe and Australia. Very few have170
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