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Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income Peoples17. Statistics New Zealand. Household Economic Survey: year ended 30 June 2007.Available from: http://www.stats.govt.nz/store/2007/11/household-economicsurvey-year-ended-jun30-07-hotp.htm.Accessed June 2009., 2007.18. Statistics New Zealand. Household Economic Survey 2003/04: Available from:http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/A5DC73F7-8AE2-444D-9D78-BB533962C711/0/householdeconomicsurveyYe30jun04mr.pdf. AccessedJune 2009, 2004.19. Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Wall J, Rodgers A, Jiang Y, Wilton J. Strategies topromote healthier food purchases: a pilot supermarket intervention study.Public Health Nutrition 2007;10:608-615.20. Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Funaki-Tahifote M, McKerchar C, Wilton J, Chua S, et al.Inclusion of indigenous and ethnic minority populations in intervention trials:challenges and strategies in a New Zealand supermarket study. Journal ofEpidemiology and Community Health;In press.21. Ministry of Social Development. The Statistical Report for the year ended June2007. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development, 2008.22. Wynd D. Hard to Swallow: Foodbank use in New Zealand. Auckland: ChildPoverty Action Group, August 2005.23. Russell DG, Parnell WR, Wilson NC, Faed J, Ferguson E, Herbison P, et al. NZFood: NZ People. Key results of the 1997 National Nutrition Survey.Wellington: Ministry of Health, 1999.24. Perry B. Household incomes in New Zealand: trends in indicators of inequality andhardship 1982 to 2007. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development, June2008.25. Goodman C, Anise A. What is known about the effectiveness of economicinstruments to reduce consumption of foods high in saturated fats and otherenergy-dense foods for preventing and treating obesity? Copenhagen: WHORegional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report);http://www.euro.who.int/document/e88909.pdf, July 2006.26. Wall J, Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Rodgers A, Wilton J. Effectiveness of monetaryincentives in modifying dietary behavior: A review of randomized, controlledtrials. Nutrition Reviews 2006;64(12):518-531.27. Fat taxes and thin subsidies: prices, diet, and health outcomes. AmericanAgricultural Economics Association 2004 Annual meeting, August 1-4, Denver,CO; 2004. http://purl.umn.edu/19961.28. O'Dea D. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Green Prescription. Wellington:Pharmac, New Zealand, 2004.29. US General Services Administration. Government Smart Card Handbook: Office ofGovernmentwide Policy General Services Administration, February 2004.30. United States Department of Agriculture. Food stamp electronic benefit transfersystems: a report to Congress. Virginia: Food and Nutrition Services, UnitedStates Department of Agriculture, October 2003.31. California Guide to the Food Stamp Program. 54. Electronic Benefits Transfer(EBT) system: Available from: http://www.foodstampguide.org/?page_id=118.Accessed June 2009.35
Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income Peoples2.2 Increasing the statutory minimum wage rateDes O’DeaSummaryA further possible ‘economic instrument’ for improving food security would be toincrease the minimum wage. This proposed intervention was seen initially as anunlikely candidate, and a literature search and interviews of ‘key informants’ were notcarried out. This section does, however, review briefly the pros and cons ofincreasing the minimum wage, from the point of view of improving food security.In brief, an increase in the minimum wage would make some households more foodsecure,but only those households in which a substantial contribution to householdincome is made by one or more persons on, or close to, minimum wages. Suchhouseholds would perhaps be a relatively small proportion of all households sufferingfood insecurity.One matter that became clear in this research was that there is not a lot of informationavailable on the relationship between the work status of household members andhousehold food insufficiency. Better data on this, and further analyses based on suchdata, would improve the quality of policy recommendations.It is recommended that further work be undertaken to obtain better information on thework status, income levels, and benefit eligibility of food insecure households, andalso on the ethnic composition and other characteristics of such households, to assistin identifying the most effective remedial interventions.Problem definitionIncreasing the Statutory Minimum Wage Rate for those in employment is another‘economic’ intervention with potential to increase food security. It was identified byparticipants at the ENHANCE workshops. It would be less expensive than a generalincrease in benefits, and might be an alternative way of trying to target thosehouseholds most likely to be suffering from food insecurity. However, it has no impacton families reliant solely on welfare benefits. It may, however, provide a usefulcomplement to interventions to improve food security for beneficiaries by alsoimproving the situation for those income earners on the lowest wage.The scope of the current research did not allow time for a full exploration of thisintervention. However, the research team deemed it to be of sufficient merit to warranta brief discussion of its pros and cons and to consider the value in further researchinto the issue.The New Zealand adult minimum wage rate at 1 April 2009 was $12.50 per hour,before tax. This applies to all employees aged 16 years or over who are not newentrants or trainees (Web-site www.workandincome.govt.nz.).An increase of 50 cents per hour (an increase of 4 percent) would therefore increasethe income of a person on the minimum rate by $20 for a standard 40-hour workingweek, or by $10 for a person working 20 hours per week. In annual terms, for a fulltimeworker, pre-tax income would increase from $26,000 to $27,040.36
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