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Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income Peoplesdesign for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Preventive Medicine: An International JournalDevoted to Practice & Theory 2002;34(2):289-297.16. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, Van Horn L, Kauffer Christoffel K, Dyer A.Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: A randomized controlled trialfor overweight prevention in preschool minority children. Journal of Pediatrics2005;146:18-25.17. Marcus BH, Williams DM, Dubbert PM, Sallis JF, King AC, Yancey AK, et al.Physical activity intervention studies: What we know and what we need to know.A scientific statement from the American Heart Association on Nutrition, PhysicalActivity, and Metabolism (subcommittee on physical activity); Council onCardiovascular Disease in the Young; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group onQuality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation 2006;114:2739-2752.18. Seo DC, Sa J. A meta-analysis of psychobehavioral obesity interventions among USmultiethnic and minority adults. Preventive medicine 2008;47:573-582.19. Henwood W. Māori Knowledge: A Key Ingredient in Nutrition and Physical ExerciseHealth Promotion Programmes for Māori. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand2007;32:155.20. McManus V. Ngati Whatua Nga Rima o Kaipara Marae Arataki Project: FormativeEvaluation. Auckland: Te Ropu Whariki, Massey University, 2007.21. Simmons D, Rush E, N C. Development and piloting of a community health workerbasedintervention for the prevention of diabetes among New Zealand Māori inTe Wai o Rona: Diabetes Prevention Strategy. Public Health Nutrition2008;11(12):1318-1325.22. University of Otago. Ngati and Healthy:www.otago.ac.nz/diabetes/research/ngati.html. Otago, 2009.23. Tipene-Leach D, Pahau H, Joseph N, Coppell K, McAuley K, Booker C, et al. Insulinresistance in a rural Māori community. New Zealand Medical Journal, 2004:ISSN1175 8716.24. Tipene-Leach D, Pahau H, Ngatai M, Reedy D, Taare BJ, Sykes S, et al. Ngati andHealthy: Diabetes prevention in action. International Federation for DiabetesCongress. Melbourne, Australia, 2006.25. Northland District Health Board. The Healthy Lifestyle Programme: A Provincialobesity treatment programme, has it worked? Wellington: Health Eating HealthyAction, 2008.26. Brien A, Erb L. Te Hiko: Hauora Whānau Challenge. Taranaki: Taranaki DistrictHealth Board, 2007.27. Elley R, Kerse N, Arroll B, Robinson E. Effectiveness of counselling patients onphysical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BritishMedical Journal 2003;326:793-799.28. Maddison R, Dixon R, Ni Mhurchu C, Elley CR. Green Prescription Active Families:An evaluation. Auckland: University of Auckand, 2009.29. Clinton J, McNeill R, Perkins R, Brown P, Appleton S, Dobson S. Overview of LBDEvaluation 2008. Auckland: Auckland UniServices Ltd, 2008.30. Mene C, Chiwawa B, Donaldson K, Trappitt A. Tongan Community ActionProgramme. Christchurch: HealthPAC, 2008.31. Mahony F, Clinton J. Evaluation of the Kids in Action Programme. Auckland:Auckland UniServices Ltd, 2009.32. Duncan Consulting Services Ltd. Shake It, Beat It, Learn It Pacific ExerciseProgramme: Evaluation Report. Wellington: Duncan Consulting Services Ltd,2008.181
Enhancing Food Security and Physical Activity for Māori, Pacific and Low-income Peoples6.3 Using tikanga to encourage physical activity inMāoriCraig Heta, Leonie Matoe and Christina McKercharSummaryFollowing Māori specific workshops held by ENHANCE research team and discussionswith leaders in Māori public health, it was decided that the inclusion of Tīkanga would aidthe provision of culturally appropriate physical activity programmes for Māori. Definingtīkanga is a difficult task as definitions are varied and have changed over time however itwould appear from the literature that tīkanga is not a set of rigid rules, but a set of valuesthat should govern the most appropriate way to act in a given situation.As Tīkanga operates from a Māori world view and incorporates many other aspects ofwellbeing there is consensus that policies and interventions aimed at Māori be based onTīkanga Māori. Traditional activities e.g Mau Taiaha have their own tīkanga, howevermodern activities e.g touch rugby, netball can apply tīkanga to suit the situation e.g useof karakia and haka in game preparation. In essence, there needs to be a strongunderstanding of how to put tīkanga into practice.Korikori a Iwi was a community development action project that used Māori culture as abasis for encouraging good nutrition and regular physical exercise in five Māoricommunities. Tāia Te Kawa is an educational programme that is being developed at TeWānanga-o-Raukawa and draws on two key aspects utilising Māori health perspectivesto endorse health and wellbeing as integral to everyday living; and highlighting Māoricultural components as vehicles for health promotion. The underlying emphasis of theinitiative is on successful and regular engagement in health and fitness programmes.This is an important area that requires research and support to confirm if, and how,Tīkanga can improve adherence to modern and traditional forms of physical activity.It is recommended that:• Funding is made available for traditional and modern forms of physical activityprogrammes that use tikanga and that these programmes are evaluated in orderto build an evidence base.• Funding is allocated to research into the use of tikanga in physical activityprogrammes and how this may improve adherence to traditional and model formsof physical activity.• Funding is provided for training of the Māori physical activity workforce on tikangaand its application within activity programmes. This is likely to requirepartnership with tertiary providers to develop training capacity.• A review is undertaken of tikanga use within mainstream physical activityprogrammes to ensure tikanga is delivered appropriately. Investigate ways forMāori to lead development of such programmes.182
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