Part I: Integrat<strong>in</strong>g Mobile Technology <strong>in</strong> <strong>Education</strong>Integration of technology <strong>in</strong>to curriculum has not always been a simple task. M-learn<strong>in</strong>gstarted around 2001 <strong>and</strong> it’s still be<strong>in</strong>g implemented <strong>in</strong> short term pilot projects with littleconsideration about completion or award, <strong>in</strong> a very <strong>in</strong>formal manner. Therefore, we see<strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g mobile technology <strong>in</strong> formal educational curriculum as a very important aspect<strong>in</strong> implement<strong>in</strong>g mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g future projects. The 3 types of <strong>in</strong>tegration are brieflydescribed here.Media <strong>in</strong>tegration, <strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>in</strong>formation flow <strong>and</strong> conservation of results across differentmedia used <strong>in</strong> the learn<strong>in</strong>g sett<strong>in</strong>g; Process <strong>in</strong>tegration, i.e., the technical facilitation <strong>and</strong>support for learn<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g participants <strong>in</strong> different roles; Knowledge<strong>in</strong>tegration, <strong>in</strong> the sense of a broader structur<strong>in</strong>g, systematisation <strong>and</strong> “defragmentation”of knowledge. (Mike Sharples,Big issues <strong>in</strong> m-learn<strong>in</strong>g)1. Def<strong>in</strong>ition of mobile learn<strong>in</strong>gThere are many def<strong>in</strong>itions of mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the literature but as technology <strong>and</strong>education delivery themselves have been undergo<strong>in</strong>g rapid changes <strong>in</strong> the past decades,for <strong>in</strong>stance the comb<strong>in</strong>ation of the Internet with mobility has prompted researchers tohave different appreciations about the real def<strong>in</strong>ition of mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g.P<strong>in</strong>kwart, et al. (2003) def<strong>in</strong>ed m-learn<strong>in</strong>g as “e-learn<strong>in</strong>g that uses mobile devices”. Also,the majority of authors, actively or passively, apply a def<strong>in</strong>ition that views mobile learn<strong>in</strong>gas learn<strong>in</strong>g connected to a mobile device (<strong>and</strong> most of them imply a regular mobile phoneor <strong>in</strong> the best case a PDA).Mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g (or m-learn<strong>in</strong>g) is def<strong>in</strong>ed by Clark Qu<strong>in</strong>n [Qu<strong>in</strong>n 2000] as… the<strong>in</strong>tersection of mobile comput<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> e-learn<strong>in</strong>g: accessible resources wherever youare, strong search capabilities, rich <strong>in</strong>teraction, powerful support for effective learn<strong>in</strong>g,<strong>and</strong> performance-based assessment. E-Learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dependent of location <strong>in</strong> time orspace.A wide def<strong>in</strong>ition of mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g (commonly referred to as m-learn<strong>in</strong>g) is the ability tolearn <strong>in</strong>dependently of place <strong>and</strong> time, facilitated by a range of mobile devices.Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Wikipedia Def<strong>in</strong>ition; M-learn<strong>in</strong>g is the term given to the delivery of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gby means of mobile devices such as Mobile Phones, PDAs <strong>and</strong> digital audio players, as wellas digital cameras <strong>and</strong> voice recorders, pen scanners etc. M-learners are seek<strong>in</strong>g lessons <strong>in</strong>small, manageable formats that they can undertake when it suits them. M-learn<strong>in</strong>g is oftenconsidered as a subset of e-learn<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g itself a subset of a broader concept of distanceeducation or aga<strong>in</strong> simply a technological extension of e-learn<strong>in</strong>g.16
The learner’s mobile device can be a laptop, a micro computer, a cell phone, a tablet PC ora pad, a game device, an audio or video player, a PDA, a wearable, an ad hoc network, <strong>in</strong>any technology that keeps the user connected <strong>and</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g together. The <strong>in</strong>credible th<strong>in</strong>gabout mobile device is that most of the people have one, it’s private, it’s social, most of thetime it’s on <strong>and</strong> we carry it everywhere (Judy Brown). A survey has shown that almost 24%of users would be more anxious to lose their mobile phones rather than their credit cards.2. The mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g systemThe mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g system or echo-system comprises the different stakeholders <strong>and</strong>components such as end users’ devices, content servers, public networks, <strong>in</strong>stitutionalsupport, etc. The figure I.1 shows a model of a m-learn<strong>in</strong>g system where mobile learn<strong>in</strong>g isthe central system related to <strong>in</strong>terface, connectivity, applications <strong>and</strong> variables, factorsthat need to be addressed <strong>in</strong> the formulation of a m-learn<strong>in</strong>g project.Figure I.1, A Mobile Learn<strong>in</strong>g SystemMobile technology as other ICTs is an enabler <strong>in</strong> the transition from educational <strong>in</strong>stitutioncentred learn<strong>in</strong>g provision to learner centric learn<strong>in</strong>g provision.17