Pardee-CFLP-Remittances-TF-Report

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One of the main challenges for mobile remittance systems is finding the balancebetween regulatory and policy measures that are aimed at protecting consumersagainst fraud, and the potentially constraining effects of certain anti-moneylaundering/combating-financial-terrorism[AML/CFT] regulations on mobilemoney transactions, account opening requirements, and the authority of theagents involved in money transfers (Sultana 2009; Alampay 2010). Challengesalso lie in creating enabling institutional and legislative environments for mobileremittances, including necessary regulatory reforms involving the telecommunicationsand banking sector, and related institutional partnerships. In orderto improve cross-border and institutional interoperability and better integrateremittance transfers with other financial services, attention must focus onenabling mobile money ecosystems. Such ecosystems would benefit from collaborationamong multiple stakeholders such as banks, telecommunications operators,microfinance institutions, non-governmental and government institutions(Jenkins 2008; Omwansa 2009). Successful mobile money ecosystems enable thecreation and replication of frameworks for larger regional mobile transactionsand possibly regional e-currency, facilitating easy online payments across vastgeographical areas (Jenkins 2008; Omwansa 2009). Developing expansive ecosystemsfor m-transfers can be seen as the next frontier for advancing innovativeremittance services that may particularly benefit post-conflict areas.ReferencesAker, J. and I. Mbiti. 2010. Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa. The Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 24(3): 207–232.Aker, J. 2010. Information from Markets Near and Far: Mobile Phones and Agricultural Markets inNiger. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2(3): 46–59.Alampay, E. 2010. Mobile 2.0: M-Money for the BoP in the Philippines. Information Technologies& International Development 6(4): 77–92.Best, M. 2010. Uses of Mobile Phones in Post-Conflict Liberia. Information Technologies & InternationalDevelopment 6(2): 91–108.Bruijn, M. de, Nyamnjoh, F. and I. Brinkman. 2009. Mobile Phones: The New Talking Drums ofEveryday Africa. Leiden, The Netherlands: African Studies Centre & Langaa Publishing.Donner, J. 2004. Microentrepreneurs and Mobiles: An Exploration of the Uses of Mobile Phonesby Small Business Owners in Rwanda. Information Technologies & International Development,2(1): 1–22.Feldman, B. 2007. Somalia: Amidst the Rubble, a Vibrant Telecommunications Infrastructure.Review of African Political Economy 34: 565–572.Fengler 2012. How Kenya Became a World Leader for Mobile Money. Accessed on 21 November2012 at: http://tinyurl.com/Kenya-Mobile.Graesholm, E. 2012. Making Slums Governable: Integration and Resistance in a Nairobi Slum.Journal of Politics and Society 23(1): 218–251.Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development 93
Jenkins, B. 2008. Developing Mobile Money Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: International FinanceCorporation and the Harvard Kennedy School.Jensen, R. 2007. The Digital Divide: Information (Technology), Market Performance and Welfare inthe South Indian Fisheries Sector. Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3): 879–924.Mas, I. and O. Morawczynki. 2009. Designing Mobile Transfer Services: Lessons from M-Pesa.Innovations 4(2): 77–91.McKay, C. and Pickens, M. (2010). Branchless Banking Pricing Analysis. Consultative Groupto Assist the Poor (CGAP). Available at: http://tinyurl.com/CGAP-BBPA2010.Molony, T. 2009. Carving a Niche: ICT, Social Capital, and Trust in the Shift from Personal toImpersonal Trading in Tanzania. Information Technology for Development 15(4): 283–301.OECD. 2009. ICTs for Development: Improving Policy Coherence. Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development Publishing.Omwansa, T. 2009. M-PESA: Progress and Prospects, Innovations, Case Discussions. Available at:http://www.strathmore.edu/pdf/innov-gsma-omwansa.pdf.Porter, S. 2009. Mobile Remittances: A Study of the Philippines and Tonga. Available at:http://www.microfinancegateway.org/gm/document-1.9.43942/Mobile%20Remittances.pdf.Porteus, D. 2006. The Enabling Environment for Mobile Banking in Africa. A report commissionedfor the Department for International Development (DFID). Somerville, MA.Sultana, R. 2009. Mobile Banking: Overview of Regulatory Framework in Emerging Markets(December 8). 4th Communication Policy Research, South Conference, Negombo, Sri Lanka.Social Science Research Network. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1554160.Waema, T. and E. Adera. 2011. Local Governance and ICTs in Africa: Case Studies and Guidelinesfor Implementation and Evaluation. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.94 A Pardee Center Task Force Report | October 2013
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Pardee Center TASK FORCE Report oct
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This series of papers, Pardee Cente
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AcknowledgementsThis Task Force on
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ITU International Telecommunication
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networks and migrant associations i
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to developing countries than other
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But most importantly, remittances a
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often mix in the countries of desti
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According to the World Bank estimat
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Because of its focus on the multidi
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eceiving remittances provides an en
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associations for post-conflict inst
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are proposed to avoid the associate
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Terry, D. 2005. Remittances as a De
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oader approach to post-conflict rem
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networks can be seen as “homogeno
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That personalized nature of hawala
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Customary law (xeer) and other trad
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the world (Lindley 2009, 531). Much
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ize the informal equal efforts to a
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struction and development. Means sh
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opportunities should focus on exist
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2. Dodd-Frank Act and Remittances t
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leadership. Formal payments systems
Page 50 and 51: and financial institutions. 26 Reso
Page 52 and 53: closures should be both in English
Page 54 and 55: issued a new proposed regulation De
Page 56 and 57: “closed network,” in which all
Page 58 and 59: Some guidance may be found in the p
Page 60 and 61: the use of mobile devices for money
Page 62 and 63: Foreign TaxesUnder the 2012 regulat
Page 64 and 65: will be available in all cases. CFP
Page 66 and 67: Section II: Remittances in Post-Con
Page 68 and 69: Sri Lanka. The conflict also result
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2: Current Account, Trade Ba
Page 72 and 73: flows came from migrant workers in
Page 74 and 75: Informal Remittance Channels in Sri
Page 76 and 77: tory authorities, with some calls f
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Role of Remittances in Post-
Page 80 and 81: Figure 1: Liberia Per Capita Income
Page 82 and 83: associations, women’s groups, alu
Page 84 and 85: Remittances to LiberiaValue of Remi
Page 86 and 87: credit because of the need to be li
Page 88 and 89: Remittance Transfers in Sierra Leon
Page 90 and 91: Knowledge RemittanceThe Liberian di
Page 92 and 93: process furthermore was a pioneerin
Page 94 and 95: Levitt, Peggy and Deepak Lamba-Niev
Page 96 and 97: Section III: Diaspora Networks andC
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Page 102 and 103: 6. Transnational Remittances and De
Page 104 and 105: The Salvadoran Diaspora is very sig
Page 106 and 107: annually during the 1990s to less t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 2: Transnational Vicious Cyc
Page 110 and 111: The transnational vicious cycle not
Page 112 and 113: emittance flows is mixed, as initia
Page 114 and 115: individuals, communities, and famil
Page 116 and 117: areas. This issue can potentially b
Page 118 and 119: This is a breakthrough moment: afte
Page 120 and 121: Edwards, Sebastian and I. Igal Mage
Page 122 and 123: y La Distribucion Del Ingreso, 1st
Page 124 and 125: 7. Remittances and Community Resili
Page 126 and 127: For quantitative data collection, a
Page 128 and 129: Remittances are perceived as playin
Page 130 and 131: the affected population. Internatio
Page 132 and 133: ReferencesAddleton, J. 1984. The im
Page 134 and 135: 8. Filling the Gap in Health Staffi
Page 136 and 137: The alternative is for donors to se
Page 138 and 139: cians in the U.S. in 2000 (Clemens
Page 141 and 142: 1. Remittances, Financial Inclusion
Page 143 and 144: networks, and communities. The role
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Page 147 and 148: the island of Kosrae, in the Federa
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he organized a number of workshops
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Pardee Center Conference ReportsDev
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