Pardee-CFLP-Remittances-TF-Report

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Figure 2: Current Account, Trade Balance, and Remittances (% Exports)Source: Author’s calculations using data from the WDI database of the World Bank.The increase in private remittance inflows since the 1980s has meant that theseinflows now account for a significant proportion of total export earnings, besidesserving as a major source for financing Sri Lanka’s trade deficits. Remittanceinflows have also significantly surpassed foreign financial inflows under foreigndirect investment (FDI), official development assistance (ODA), and portfolioinvestment (Figure 3, p. 64).Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development 63
Figure 3: Foreign Financial Inflows (Million US Dollars), 1991–2011Source: WDI database of the World Bank.Sources and Uses of RemittancesThe large-scale migration flows of semi-skilled and unskilled labor to the MiddleEast since the late 1970s has resulted in this region becoming a major source ofremittance flows to Sri Lanka since the 1980s. North America and Europe werethe two other main sources of remittances in the 1980s and early 1990s due tothe large-scale migration of asylum-seekers to these two regions. Records showthat 20.5 percent and 19.5 percent of recorded remittance inflows to Sri Lankacame from North America in 1987 and 1990, respectively, while the EuropeanUnion (EU) area accounted for 16.1 and 16.5 percent of remittance inflows inthese two years (Arunatilake et al. 2010).While the share of recorded remittances from North America has subsequentlydeclined, Europe has continued to remain a significant source of remittances,and is now the second major source after the Middle East. This shift towardsEurope partly reflects the recent increase in migration flows by skilled SriLankan male workers to Europe due to visa for jobs programs in Europe thatseek to address skilled labor shortages, and deliberate efforts by the Sri Lankangovernment to encourage skilled migration in areas such as health care (Arunatilakeet al. 2010). In 2011, 58.9 percent of Sri Lanka’s total recorded remittance64 A Pardee Center Task Force Report | October 2013
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Pardee Center TASK FORCE Report oct
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This series of papers, Pardee Cente
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AcknowledgementsThis Task Force on
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ITU International Telecommunication
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networks and migrant associations i
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to developing countries than other
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But most importantly, remittances a
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often mix in the countries of desti
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According to the World Bank estimat
Page 19 and 20: Because of its focus on the multidi
Page 21 and 22: eceiving remittances provides an en
Page 23 and 24: associations for post-conflict inst
Page 25 and 26: are proposed to avoid the associate
Page 27 and 28: Terry, D. 2005. Remittances as a De
Page 29 and 30: oader approach to post-conflict rem
Page 31 and 32: networks can be seen as “homogeno
Page 33 and 34: That personalized nature of hawala
Page 35 and 36: Customary law (xeer) and other trad
Page 37 and 38: the world (Lindley 2009, 531). Much
Page 40 and 41: ize the informal equal efforts to a
Page 42 and 43: struction and development. Means sh
Page 44 and 45: opportunities should focus on exist
Page 46 and 47: 2. Dodd-Frank Act and Remittances t
Page 48 and 49: leadership. Formal payments systems
Page 50 and 51: and financial institutions. 26 Reso
Page 52 and 53: closures should be both in English
Page 54 and 55: issued a new proposed regulation De
Page 56 and 57: “closed network,” in which all
Page 58 and 59: Some guidance may be found in the p
Page 60 and 61: the use of mobile devices for money
Page 62 and 63: Foreign TaxesUnder the 2012 regulat
Page 64 and 65: will be available in all cases. CFP
Page 66 and 67: Section II: Remittances in Post-Con
Page 68 and 69: Sri Lanka. The conflict also result
Page 72 and 73: flows came from migrant workers in
Page 74 and 75: Informal Remittance Channels in Sri
Page 76 and 77: tory authorities, with some calls f
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Role of Remittances in Post-
Page 80 and 81: Figure 1: Liberia Per Capita Income
Page 82 and 83: associations, women’s groups, alu
Page 84 and 85: Remittances to LiberiaValue of Remi
Page 86 and 87: credit because of the need to be li
Page 88 and 89: Remittance Transfers in Sierra Leon
Page 90 and 91: Knowledge RemittanceThe Liberian di
Page 92 and 93: process furthermore was a pioneerin
Page 94 and 95: Levitt, Peggy and Deepak Lamba-Niev
Page 96 and 97: Section III: Diaspora Networks andC
Page 98 and 99: Post-Conflict Development,” this
Page 100 and 101: One of the main challenges for mobi
Page 102 and 103: 6. Transnational Remittances and De
Page 104 and 105: The Salvadoran Diaspora is very sig
Page 106 and 107: annually during the 1990s to less t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 2: Transnational Vicious Cyc
Page 110 and 111: The transnational vicious cycle not
Page 112 and 113: emittance flows is mixed, as initia
Page 114 and 115: individuals, communities, and famil
Page 116 and 117: areas. This issue can potentially b
Page 118 and 119: This is a breakthrough moment: afte
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Edwards, Sebastian and I. Igal Mage
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y La Distribucion Del Ingreso, 1st
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7. Remittances and Community Resili
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For quantitative data collection, a
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Remittances are perceived as playin
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the affected population. Internatio
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ReferencesAddleton, J. 1984. The im
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8. Filling the Gap in Health Staffi
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The alternative is for donors to se
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cians in the U.S. in 2000 (Clemens
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1. Remittances, Financial Inclusion
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networks, and communities. The role
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• In the present era of heightene
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the island of Kosrae, in the Federa
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and Sweden and has held visiting pr
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he organized a number of workshops
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