Pardee-CFLP-Remittances-TF-Report

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This is a breakthrough moment: after decades of work, finally mobile internettechnology has reached a critical point that has made this transnational coordinatedintervention possible. There are now significant opportunities for its scalabilityin multiple countries around the world and to ensure its financial viabilityboth for the technology providing company (since it must generate a rate ofreturn) and more importantly for the governments that are provided access tothis technology at no cost. And all the while this is being achieved through theability to provide financial services at lower costs, but in such a way that makesthis infrastructure easily available via cell phones and thus capable of reachingmassive scale.A Virtuous Cycle Moving Forward: Recognizing a new era inhuman development opportunitiesIn post-conflict environments, especially where the North and South are increasinglylinked through migration and remittances, the mobilization of just a fractionof the $400 billion in global remittance flows towards development goalsoffers serious potential for creating major development impacts across borders.This is particularly true in the case of El Salvador, where getting 10 percent ofremittance flows into saving instruments and leveraging investable funds withmicrofinance institutions (MFIs) in the migrant-sending areas is a goal that isrealistic and achievable thanks to the opportunities made possible by technology;achieving this goal would have a much more significant impact than currentU.S.-El Salvador development cooperation initiatives. 10In the post-post-conflict context, this case serves as an example of how newgovernment-diaspora cooperation has the potential to emerge from conflicts.In El Salvador, the construction of a viable financial and technological futurehas the potential to leverage the migration and remittance dynamic that wasthe result of significant conflict and suffering; ironically, the same dynamic cannow contribute to transforming the vicious cycle of exclusion and inequality intoa virtuous cycle of inclusion and development with great benefits for both thesending and receiving countries. In doing this, it will be especially important tostudy and identify opportunities for post-post-conflict transnational coordinateddevelopment policies, particularly in light of the increasing influence of the SalvadoranDiaspora in El Salvador and the growing role of Latinos in the U.S., andSalvadorans as a significant part of this population.10 Such investable funds would represent five times more per year than what the Millennium Challenge Corporationand Partnership for Growth are planning to provide over five years.Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development 111
ReferencesAcevedo, Carlos and Deborah Barry, Herman Rosa (1995). “El Salvador’s Agricultural Macroeconomicand the Environment Sector: Policy, Agrarian Change and the Environment,” WorldDevelopment 23(12): 2153–2172.Acevedo, Carlos (2003). La Experiencia De Crecimiento Economico En El Salvador Durante ElSiglo XX San Salvador, Inter-American Development Bank.Andrade-Eekhoff, Katharine and Claudia Marina Silva-Avalos (2003). Globalization of the Periphery:The Challenges of Transnational Migration for Local Development in Central America,Working Document, San Salvador, FLACSO Programa El Salvador.Artz, Matthew (2013). “Oakland Unveils City ID and Debit Card,” Oakland Tribune, February 1,2013.Ashraf, Nava and Dean Yang, Diego Aycinena, Claudia Martinez (2011). “Remittances and theProblem of Control: A Field Experiment Among Migrants from El Salvador,” Working Paper,University of Chile, Department of Economics.Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo (2011). Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way toFight Global Poverty New York: PublicAffairs.Boyce, James K. (1996). ed., Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El SalvadorBoulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.Brown, J. David and Julie L. Hotchkiss, Myriam Quispe-Agnoli (2008). “Undocumented WorkerEmployment and Firm Survivability” Atlanta, GA: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.Browning, David (1971). El Salvador: Landscape and Society, 1st ed. London: Oxford UniversityPress.Coatsworth, John H. (1994). Central America and the United States: The Clients and the ColossusWoodbridge, Connecticut: Twayne Publishers.The Commission for the Study of International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development(1990). Unauthorized Migration: An Economic Development Response: ExecutiveSummary: Report of the Commission for the Study of International Migration and CooperativeEconomic Development Washington, D.C.Cornelius, Wayne A. and Scott Borger, Adam Sawyer, David Keyes, Clare Appleby, Kristen Parks,Gabriel Lozada, Jonathan Hicken (2008). Controlling Unauthorized Immigration from Mexico:The Failure of “Prevention Through Deterrence” and the Need for Comprehensive ReformWashington, D.C.: Immigration Policy Center.Cornelius, Wayne A. (2006). “Impacts of Border Enforcement on Unauthorized Mexican Migrationto the United States,” Social Science Research Council’s Border Battles web site. September26.Cornelius, Wayne A. and Members of the Mexican Migration Field Research and Training Program(2009). Current Migration Trends from Mexico: What Are the Impacts of the Economic Crisisand U.S. Enforcement Strategy? San Diego, CA: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies,University of California, Los Angeles.Damon, Amy Lynne (2010). “Agricultural Land Use and Asset Accumulation in Migrant Households:The Case of El Salvador,” Journal of Development Studies 46(1): 162–189.Demirguc-Kunt, Asli and Leora Klapper (2012). “Measuring Financial Inclusion. The Global FindexDatabase” Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Edwards, Sebastian (2008). “Sequencing of Reforms, Financial Globalization, and MacroeconomicVulnerability” Working Paper No. 14384, Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau ofEconomic Research.Edwards, Sebastian (2003). Desaceleracion Del Crecimiento Economico En El Salvador: UnAnalisis Exploratorio San Salvador, El Salvador: Fundación Salvadoreña para el DesarrolloEconómico y Social (FUSADES).112 A Pardee Center Task Force Report | October 2013
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Pardee Center TASK FORCE Report oct
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This series of papers, Pardee Cente
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AcknowledgementsThis Task Force on
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ITU International Telecommunication
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networks and migrant associations i
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to developing countries than other
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But most importantly, remittances a
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often mix in the countries of desti
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According to the World Bank estimat
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Because of its focus on the multidi
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eceiving remittances provides an en
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associations for post-conflict inst
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are proposed to avoid the associate
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Terry, D. 2005. Remittances as a De
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oader approach to post-conflict rem
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networks can be seen as “homogeno
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That personalized nature of hawala
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Customary law (xeer) and other trad
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the world (Lindley 2009, 531). Much
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ize the informal equal efforts to a
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struction and development. Means sh
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opportunities should focus on exist
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2. Dodd-Frank Act and Remittances t
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leadership. Formal payments systems
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and financial institutions. 26 Reso
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closures should be both in English
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issued a new proposed regulation De
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“closed network,” in which all
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Some guidance may be found in the p
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the use of mobile devices for money
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Foreign TaxesUnder the 2012 regulat
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will be available in all cases. CFP
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Section II: Remittances in Post-Con
Page 68 and 69: Sri Lanka. The conflict also result
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2: Current Account, Trade Ba
Page 72 and 73: flows came from migrant workers in
Page 74 and 75: Informal Remittance Channels in Sri
Page 76 and 77: tory authorities, with some calls f
Page 78 and 79: 4. The Role of Remittances in Post-
Page 80 and 81: Figure 1: Liberia Per Capita Income
Page 82 and 83: associations, women’s groups, alu
Page 84 and 85: Remittances to LiberiaValue of Remi
Page 86 and 87: credit because of the need to be li
Page 88 and 89: Remittance Transfers in Sierra Leon
Page 90 and 91: Knowledge RemittanceThe Liberian di
Page 92 and 93: process furthermore was a pioneerin
Page 94 and 95: Levitt, Peggy and Deepak Lamba-Niev
Page 96 and 97: Section III: Diaspora Networks andC
Page 98 and 99: Post-Conflict Development,” this
Page 100 and 101: One of the main challenges for mobi
Page 102 and 103: 6. Transnational Remittances and De
Page 104 and 105: The Salvadoran Diaspora is very sig
Page 106 and 107: annually during the 1990s to less t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 2: Transnational Vicious Cyc
Page 110 and 111: The transnational vicious cycle not
Page 112 and 113: emittance flows is mixed, as initia
Page 114 and 115: individuals, communities, and famil
Page 116 and 117: areas. This issue can potentially b
Page 120 and 121: Edwards, Sebastian and I. Igal Mage
Page 122 and 123: y La Distribucion Del Ingreso, 1st
Page 124 and 125: 7. Remittances and Community Resili
Page 126 and 127: For quantitative data collection, a
Page 128 and 129: Remittances are perceived as playin
Page 130 and 131: the affected population. Internatio
Page 132 and 133: ReferencesAddleton, J. 1984. The im
Page 134 and 135: 8. Filling the Gap in Health Staffi
Page 136 and 137: The alternative is for donors to se
Page 138 and 139: cians in the U.S. in 2000 (Clemens
Page 141 and 142: 1. Remittances, Financial Inclusion
Page 143 and 144: networks, and communities. The role
Page 145 and 146: • In the present era of heightene
Page 147 and 148: the island of Kosrae, in the Federa
Page 149 and 150: and Sweden and has held visiting pr
Page 151 and 152: he organized a number of workshops
Page 153 and 154: Pardee Center Conference ReportsDev
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