Pardee-CFLP-Remittances-TF-Report

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onments “are more than twice as likely to be undernourished as those in otherdeveloping countries, more than three times as likely to be unable to send theirchildren to school, twice as likely to see their children die before age five, andmore than twice as likely to lack clean water” (The World Bank 2011, 5).The changing nature of violent conflict and its social and economic consequenceshas also created the need to reconceptualize research and policyapproaches to post-conflict settings. According to a broad definition, a post-conflictcountry is a country that is emerging from a severe conflict. In post-conflictsituations, open warfare has ended, but a potential for violence remains (Wallensteen2007). Post-conflict contexts are characterized by human loss, destructionof infrastructure and means of production, as well as adverse economic andpolitical conditions (Collier 2000). Attempts to precisely identify a post-conflictcondition in any given case, however, are faced with increasing challenges indetermining the beginning and end dates of the post-conflict period. Despitesigning formal ceasefire agreements, unrest may still fester and conflicts flareup, destabilizing the peace process. It is also increasingly difficult to determineat what point in time the consequences of the conflict would lose their disruptiveinfluence; under conditions like that, “it is impossible to say exactly when acountry returns to normalcy from its post-conflict state” (Nkurunziza 2008).The increasingly recurrent and ambiguous nature of violent conflicts is alsoreflected in recent research and policy approaches to conflict-affected states.The UCDP/PRIO 2 Armed Conflict Dataset, for example, lists multiple separaterecurrent incidents for many of the 50+ countries that have experienced violentconflict in the last 30 years. 3 UCDP emphasizes its focus on political determinantsand frameworks of the conflict as well as organized parties using violentmeans, over the previous emphasis on conflict as primarily a function of fatalities(Strand and Dahl 2010). The focus on diverse state and non-state actors andpolitical incompatibilities also highlights the ambiguities relating to the definitionof “post-conflict” and lays emphasis on the increasingly recurrent characterof violence in present-day societies.2 Uppsala Conflict Data Program and the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, have produced a datasetof external and internal armed conflicts for the period of 1946–2008. Key variables of the dataset concern incompatibility,actors of the conflict, and its intensity.3 According to UCDP definition, conflict is defined as “a contested incompatibility that concerns governmentand/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of astate, results in at least 25 battle related deaths” (The UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Codebook, p. 1).Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development 9
According to the World Bank estimations, about 40 percent of conflict-affectedand post-conflict countries relapse into conflict within 10 years. Fragile andconflict-affected situations (FCS) are also responsible for increasing poverty anddeclining social conditions in many poor countries. To better address the needsof conflict-affected situations, the World Bank has recently emphasized the needfor a broader, more issues-based approach to conflict and fragility. Accordingto The World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development,the risk of violent conflict in a country or region stems from a combination ofinternal and external stresses with which the country lacks effective institutionalcapacity to cope. Weak state, market, and social institutions can therefore beseen as primary factors contributing to chronic unrest and violence. One of themain reasons of that fragility is the low priority frequently given to the rebuildingof national institutions. For peace and development to become sustainable,the existence of functioning and self-sustaining government systems becomescrucial: “The end of fighting does offer an opportunity to work towards lastingpeace, but that requires the establishment of viable institutions, capable ofensuring lasting security for the entire population” (Brahimi 2007). For rebuildingthe institutional infrastructure, strong partnerships of the international developmentcommunity with national and local stakeholders become particularlyurgent (Brahimi 2007).A significant shift in the international development discourse can therefore beobserved that affords increasing attention to sustainable institution-buildinginstead of mediating conflicts between distinct parties or adversaries for achievinglasting peace in conflict-affected areas. Focus on broader settings that canprovide security, justice, and economic sustenance to individuals and communitiesaffected in the crisis is reflected in the human security approach to postconflictdevelopment.Human Security as a New Paradigm for Post-ConflictDevelopmentHuman security has, in recent years, become a defining concept in many globalpolicy initiatives centering on post-conflict rehabilitation and peace-building. 4It emerged as an alternative paradigm in the multipolar world at the end of the4 The human security approach as a novel direction to development was first presented in the UNDP 1994Human Development Report that called for a broader interpretation of the concept of security which would takeinto account its people-centered character. Emphasizing the need for protection from both chronic and sudden disruptionsin people’s daily lives, the concept signified “a shift from security through armament to security throughsustainable human development” (Frerks and Goldewijk 2007, 26).10 A Pardee Center Task Force Report | October 2013
Page 1 and 2: Pardee Center TASK FORCE Report oct
Page 3 and 4: This series of papers, Pardee Cente
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgementsThis Task Force on
Page 7 and 8: ITU International Telecommunication
Page 9 and 10: networks and migrant associations i
Page 11 and 12: to developing countries than other
Page 13 and 14: But most importantly, remittances a
Page 15: often mix in the countries of desti
Page 19 and 20: Because of its focus on the multidi
Page 21 and 22: eceiving remittances provides an en
Page 23 and 24: associations for post-conflict inst
Page 25 and 26: are proposed to avoid the associate
Page 27 and 28: Terry, D. 2005. Remittances as a De
Page 29 and 30: oader approach to post-conflict rem
Page 31 and 32: networks can be seen as “homogeno
Page 33 and 34: That personalized nature of hawala
Page 35 and 36: Customary law (xeer) and other trad
Page 37 and 38: the world (Lindley 2009, 531). Much
Page 40 and 41: ize the informal equal efforts to a
Page 42 and 43: struction and development. Means sh
Page 44 and 45: opportunities should focus on exist
Page 46 and 47: 2. Dodd-Frank Act and Remittances t
Page 48 and 49: leadership. Formal payments systems
Page 50 and 51: and financial institutions. 26 Reso
Page 52 and 53: closures should be both in English
Page 54 and 55: issued a new proposed regulation De
Page 56 and 57: “closed network,” in which all
Page 58 and 59: Some guidance may be found in the p
Page 60 and 61: the use of mobile devices for money
Page 62 and 63: Foreign TaxesUnder the 2012 regulat
Page 64 and 65: will be available in all cases. CFP
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Section II: Remittances in Post-Con
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Sri Lanka. The conflict also result
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Figure 2: Current Account, Trade Ba
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flows came from migrant workers in
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Informal Remittance Channels in Sri
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tory authorities, with some calls f
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4. The Role of Remittances in Post-
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Figure 1: Liberia Per Capita Income
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associations, women’s groups, alu
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Remittances to LiberiaValue of Remi
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credit because of the need to be li
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Remittance Transfers in Sierra Leon
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Knowledge RemittanceThe Liberian di
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process furthermore was a pioneerin
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Levitt, Peggy and Deepak Lamba-Niev
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Section III: Diaspora Networks andC
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Post-Conflict Development,” this
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One of the main challenges for mobi
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6. Transnational Remittances and De
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The Salvadoran Diaspora is very sig
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annually during the 1990s to less t
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Figure 2: Transnational Vicious Cyc
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The transnational vicious cycle not
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emittance flows is mixed, as initia
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individuals, communities, and famil
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areas. This issue can potentially b
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This is a breakthrough moment: afte
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Edwards, Sebastian and I. Igal Mage
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y La Distribucion Del Ingreso, 1st
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7. Remittances and Community Resili
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For quantitative data collection, a
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Remittances are perceived as playin
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the affected population. Internatio
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ReferencesAddleton, J. 1984. The im
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8. Filling the Gap in Health Staffi
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The alternative is for donors to se
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cians in the U.S. in 2000 (Clemens
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1. Remittances, Financial Inclusion
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networks, and communities. The role
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• In the present era of heightene
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the island of Kosrae, in the Federa
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and Sweden and has held visiting pr
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he organized a number of workshops
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