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2.6.3 System Speci¢cations: Analysis and DesignSystem specifications are essentially sets of dos and don’ts as applied tosystem operations and could be labeled as technical requirements in terms offunction, performance, interface, and design requirements for the system,equipment, and software. The technical requirements may relate to manning,operating, maintaining, and logistically supporting the system, equipment,and=or software to the extent that these requirements define or constrain thedesign.It is at this phase that the requirements are dissected and analyzed ingreater detail, covering1. Description of the methods, procedures, tools for analysis ofmission statement(s), operations, and environment2. Identification of functional and performance requirements fordesign, development, manufacturing, verification, deployment, operations,support, training, and disposal3. Determination of system constraints, including description of thefollowing:Reliability and maintainabilitySurvivabilityElectromagnetic compatibility, radiofrequency management,and electrostatic dischargeHuman engineering and human systems integrationSafety and health hazardsTest and evaluationIntegrated diagnosticsOther system functionality that has bearing on the determinationof performance and functional requirements for the system4. Risk management, covering at least the following:Approach and criteria for risk identification, prioritization,sensitivity assessment, handling, and risk impact integrationinto the decision processThe risks associated with the system development test andevaluation requirementsAppropriate plans to handle technical risks (for example, thoseassociated with technology and integration verification,backup development, etc.)Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
Page 62: For an uncoded message x and the fe
Page 66: 2. Your task is to develop a commun
Page 70: FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
Page 74: Future trends in satellite antennas
Page 78: In the United States, the three sat
Page 82: TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
Page 86: FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
Page 90: FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
Page 94: FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
Page 98: width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
Page 102: y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
Page 106: We can conclude that the antenna mu
Page 110: FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
Page 116: Like all materials that require cou
Page 120: By the first definition, the system
Page 124: SolutionFrom (2.28), we can estimat
Page 128: FIGURE 2.11An example of redundancy
Page 132: adiators. An antenna array is a fam
Page 136: Example 2.3: The earth subtends an
Page 140: eam is assumed symmetrical (i.e., y
Page 144: FIGURE 2.15Feed array elements ðy
Page 148: If the steering is in the direction
Page 152: 2.8 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMSA key co
Page 156: Calculate (1) the probability that
Page 160: FIGURE 2.20Carrier processing.infor
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FIGURE 2.22(d) elliptic.Types of ba
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FIGURE 2.23A klystron. (Courtesy of
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FIGURE 2.25A simple block diagram o
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tional protection is required to en
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3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EARTH STATIO
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3.1.1 Technical and Operational Req
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excellent protection against noise
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FIGURE 3.3QPSK modulator.FIGURE 3.4
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TABLE 3.28-PSK Truth TableInput bit
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FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
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where B is the allocated channel ba
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A frequently used function is the Q
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In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
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Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
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Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
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Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
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The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
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FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
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First, in the case of digital signa
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than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
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FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
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3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
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controlling antenna pointing. The m
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FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
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FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
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whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
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To have a feel for this expression,
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2. The system’s overall condition
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transmitted down the fiber as digit
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10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
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142. Simulate the probability of bi
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FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
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Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
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From (4.6), the received power P r
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FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
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4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
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FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
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FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
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FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
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inability of satellite A to accurat
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FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
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Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
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5Communication Networks andSystemsC
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discriminate among carriers by temp
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FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
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FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
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FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
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Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
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The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
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6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
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the channel and reconstruct the sou
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message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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