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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFrequency reuseFunctional groupGainGatewayGeostationarysatellite (GEO)Gigahertz (GHz)High ellipticalorbiting satellite(HEO)HornInternet (orInternetworking)INMARSATISDNA technique by which the transponder bandwidth isshared in separate frequency slots.Using the same frequency band several times in such away as to increase the overall capacity of a networkwithout increasing the allocated bandwidth.A set of functions required for carrying out tasks incooperation with another functional element or group.A measure of amplifier power expressed in watts (W)or decibel (dB).A special switch used to link part of a network.A satellite placed in the geosynchronous orbit in theequatorial plane. Although it appears not to be movingwhen seen from the earth, its velocity in space is3.076 km=sec (11,071.9 km=hr).One billion (10 9 ) cycles per second.A specialized orbit in which a satellite continuouslyswings very close to the earth, loops out into space,and then repeats its swing-by. It is an elliptical orbitapproximately 18,000–35,000 km above the earth’ssurface, not necessarily above the equator.An open-ended waveguide designed to radiate maximumpower in one direction. It could also be part of afeed.The interconnection of multiple networks into asingle, large virtual network.The International Maritime Satellite Organization thatprimarily operates telecommunication services forships at sea.A telecommunications network that provides end-toenddigital connections to end users and other networkfacilities. ISDN stands for ‘‘integrated service digitalnetwork’’.Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
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6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
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4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
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FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
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For unity efficiency, and substitut
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This expression neglects losses oth
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This expression is equally valid fo
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and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
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3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
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4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
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We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
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FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
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Follow the uplink procedure for the
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Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
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6. For link to be maintained betwee
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5.1 PRINCIPLES OF MULTIPLE ACCESSAs
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neously, their transmissions collid
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technique and would remain the most
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FIGURE 5.4 Typical TDMA frame struc
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FIGURE 5.6TDMA throughput for an IN
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and transmits through the satellite
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FIGURE 5.8FDMA total capacity respo
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tion; that is, log e ð1 þ xÞ x t
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REFERENCES1. Spilker, J.J. (1977).
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6.1 CHANNEL CODINGNoise within a tr
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where G is a generator matrix that
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The syndrome is a single word of le
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SolutionComparing (i) and (ii) with
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Cyclic CodesCyclic codes are a subs
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When errors occur in bursts, the nu
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FIGURE 6.3Rate 1/2 convolutional en
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us to a particular node in the tree
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FIGURE 6.6 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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FIGURE 6.9 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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A generalized Viterbi algorithm is
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3. Huffman, D.A. (1952). A method f
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4. Draw a block diagram for a convo
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1. The first essential requirement
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use. The ITU Radio Regulations gove
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Within the CCITT structure exist a
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7.2 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REGULATIO
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8Mobile Satellite System Services8.
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may reside within a single LDSN. Th
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destination through the intermediat
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can be used at separate user-to-net
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where0 n 40 m 246n þ m 24ð8:
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elationship between OSI and ISDN: t
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network and for networks to communi
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Page 478: shown in Fig. 8.1. Some of the attr
Page 482: It is possible to formulate a metho
Page 486: transmitting power. The smaller the
Page 490: FIGURE 8.12Tessellated clusters of
Page 494: 8.3.1 The InternetThe Internet cons
Page 498: SecurityData security is a matter o
Page 502: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 506: well suited to this method. The con
Page 510: 4. Describe the protocol used on th
Page 514: B Aperture length in E-plane of a p
Page 518: e lf cf lghh 0kk ek slmm km snn cn
Page 522: Appendix BGlossary of TermsAntennaA
Page 526: CryptographyCryptographic keymanage
Page 532: MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536: UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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