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6. For link to be maintained between a geosatellite and an earth station about35,786 km apart, calculate the carrier power (in dB) necessary giving thefollowing antenna characteristics:60% efficiency2.5-cm wavelength1.3-m diameter transmitting dish1.0-m diameter receiving dishTo ensure high service quality, it is suggested that the carrier power at thereceiver input must be at least 116 dBW.7. A satellite transmits with an EIRP of 46 dBW. Calculate the receivedcarrier-to-noise ratio if the bandwidth is 35 MHz and the receiver has aG=T of 25 dB=K. Assume the distance between the earth and the satelliteis 35,786 km.8. A broadcast satellite is located in Sydney with the uplinks centred as20 GHz and the downlinks at 12 GHz. Calculate the uplink rain attenuationat Brisbane and the downlink attenuation at Melbourne that will notexceed 99% of the time.9. A LEO satellite, 1250 km from earth, with a transmitter power of 15 Willuminates a terrestrial circular zone with an approximate radius of575 km. Calculate the power flux density on the ground in dBW=m 2 (i)for the LEO, (ii) if the satellite is HEO, (iii) if same satellite is positionedin geostationary orbit. (iv) What advice will you provide a customerconsidering positioning a satellite in one of these orbits?10. A satellite transmits with an EIRP of 46 dBW. Calculate the receivedcarrier-to-noise ratio if the bandwidth is 35 MHz and the receiver has aG=T of 25 dB=K. Assume the distance between the earth and the satelliteis 35,000 km.Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
Page 282: 6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
Page 286: 4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
Page 290: FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
Page 294: For unity efficiency, and substitut
Page 298: This expression neglects losses oth
Page 302: This expression is equally valid fo
Page 306: and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
Page 310: 3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
Page 314: 4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
Page 318: We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
Page 322: FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
Page 326: Follow the uplink procedure for the
Page 330: Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
Page 336: 5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340: discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344: FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348: FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352: FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360: 5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364: Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
Page 368: The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
Page 372: 6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
Page 376: the channel and reconstruct the sou
Page 380: message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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