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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.and Q-data channels to a single binary output data stream. The 8-QPSKconstellation (space) diagram is shown in Fig. 3.7.The angular separation between any two adjacent phasors of an 8-PSK is45 (recall 2p=M, where M in this case is 8), which is half of what it is withQPSK. This implies that an 8-PSK signal can undergo almost a 22.5 phaseshift during transmission and still retain its integrity.Higher-order bit-encoding techniques (i.e., b 4orM 16) can bedeveloped. These techniques are highly susceptible to phase impairmentsintroduced in the transmission medium. If these impairments can becontrolled, data can be transmitted at much higher rates than currentlyavailable for the same bandwidth. This imputation becomes obvious in Section3.2.5.3.2.4 DemodulationThe demodulation technique reverses the modulation process by convertingthe analog baseband signals back into a series of digital pulses that theterminal device can use. In general, a coherent demodulator with a decoder isemployed (see Fig. 3.8) in receiving systems for digital satellite communications.Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
Page 146: A transceiver antenna is a single a
Page 150: The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
Page 154: angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
Page 158: 3. The probability of both parallel
Page 162: the baseband signal (more details a
Page 166: matrix in the communications subsys
Page 170: FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
Page 174: 4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
Page 178: 3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
Page 182: The most popular forms of modulatio
Page 186: Small earth stations are antennas w
Page 190: FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
Page 194: OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
Page 200: FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
Page 204: where B is the allocated channel ba
Page 208: A frequently used function is the Q
Page 212: In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
Page 216: Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
Page 220: Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
Page 224: Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
Page 228: The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
Page 232: FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
Page 236: First, in the case of digital signa
Page 240: than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244: FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
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3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
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controlling antenna pointing. The m
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FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
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FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
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whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
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To have a feel for this expression,
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2. The system’s overall condition
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transmitted down the fiber as digit
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10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
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142. Simulate the probability of bi
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FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
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Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
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From (4.6), the received power P r
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FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
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4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
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FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
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FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
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FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
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inability of satellite A to accurat
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FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
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Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
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5Communication Networks andSystemsC
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discriminate among carriers by temp
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FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
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FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
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FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
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Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
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The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
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6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
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the channel and reconstruct the sou
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message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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