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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite. (Courtesy of NASA.)highest antenna. The solar arrays provide approximately 1.4 kilowatts. Themain communication antennas are a 7.2-ft (2.19-m) receiving antenna and a10.8-ft (3.29-m) transmitting antenna. We describe more about satellitecomponents’ design later in this chapter, particularlyOverall system design procedure, availability, and reliability in Sec. 2.6Antennas in Sec. 2.7Power systems in Sec. 2.8Onboard processing and switching systems in Sec. 2.9Antennas control and tracking in Chap. 3, Sec. 3.4.2Other characteristics of satellites are discussed in the next five sections.As stated in Chap. 1, a satellite comprises several individual chains ofequipment called a transponder: a term derived from transmitter and responder.The block diagram shown in Fig. 2.2 may represent a transponder unit. Asseen in the figure, a transponder may be described as a system composedbasically of a bandpass filter required to select the particular channel’s bandfrequencies, a frequency translator that changes frequencies from one level toanother, and an output amplifier. Once amplified, the channels are recombinedin an output multiplexer for the return transmission. All these devices must beCopyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
Page 18: about my promise to my students, an
Page 22: 2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
Page 26: 1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
Page 30: and voice (telephone) communication
Page 34: FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
Page 38: interpreting or uncovering the deci
Page 42: cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
Page 46: FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
Page 50: FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
Page 54: Based on the ordering sequence of (
Page 58: TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
Page 62: For an uncoded message x and the fe
Page 66: 2. Your task is to develop a commun
Page 72: stable over their operating tempera
Page 76: FIGURE 2.3 Geometric properties of
Page 80: at the altitudes of satellites, the
Page 84: whereg ¼ acceleration due to gravi
Page 88: 2.3 COVERAGE AREA AND SATELLITENETW
Page 92: The apex angle required at the sate
Page 96: the frontline satellites is then pa
Page 100: station antenna must be pointed to
Page 104: and the azimuth angle is a z ¼ 180
Page 108: 2.5.3 Swath WidthThe width of the v
Page 112: 2.6.3 System Speci¢cations: Analys
Page 116: Like all materials that require cou
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By the first definition, the system
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SolutionFrom (2.28), we can estimat
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FIGURE 2.11An example of redundancy
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adiators. An antenna array is a fam
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Example 2.3: The earth subtends an
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eam is assumed symmetrical (i.e., y
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FIGURE 2.15Feed array elements ðy
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If the steering is in the direction
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2.8 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMSA key co
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Calculate (1) the probability that
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FIGURE 2.20Carrier processing.infor
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FIGURE 2.22(d) elliptic.Types of ba
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FIGURE 2.23A klystron. (Courtesy of
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FIGURE 2.25A simple block diagram o
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tional protection is required to en
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3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EARTH STATIO
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3.1.1 Technical and Operational Req
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excellent protection against noise
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FIGURE 3.3QPSK modulator.FIGURE 3.4
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TABLE 3.28-PSK Truth TableInput bit
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FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
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where B is the allocated channel ba
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A frequently used function is the Q
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In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
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Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
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Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
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Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
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The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
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FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
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First, in the case of digital signa
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than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
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FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
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3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
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controlling antenna pointing. The m
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FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
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FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
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whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
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To have a feel for this expression,
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2. The system’s overall condition
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transmitted down the fiber as digit
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10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
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142. Simulate the probability of bi
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FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
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Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
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From (4.6), the received power P r
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FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
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4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
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FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
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FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
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FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
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inability of satellite A to accurat
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FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
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Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
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5Communication Networks andSystemsC
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discriminate among carriers by temp
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FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
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FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
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FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
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Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
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The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
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6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
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the channel and reconstruct the sou
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message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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