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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the received power.If the overall system noise of the earth station is 1189 K,calculateThe earth station G=T.The received noise power in a 115-Hz noise bandwidth.The receiver carrier-to-noise ratio in the above noise bandwidth.3. A 14.5-GHz transponder receiver has a G=T of 3.4 dB=K and a saturationflux density of 75.83 dB W=m 2 . The transponder’s bandwidth is73 MHz, which is centred at 14.615 GHz up and 11.455 GHz down.The satellite is used to set up a 73-MHz bandwidth link between two earthstations. The 11-GHz transmitter part of the transponder has a saturatedEIRP of 43.89 dBW. The uplink and downlink pathlengths are 41,257 km.Both the transmitting and receiving antennas use 3.85-m diameter dishesand aperture efficiencies of 62.3%. The receiving earth station is designedto have an overall noise temperature of 120.8 K. Calculate:(i)(ii)(iii)The uplink EIRP, transmitter output power, and carrier-to-noiseratioThe downlink carrier-to-noise ratioThe overall system carrier-to-noise ratio4. A satellite transmits with an EIRP of 46 dBW. Calculate the receivedcarrier-to-noise ratio if the bandwidth is 35 MHz and the receiver has aG=T of 25 dB=K. Assume the distance between the earth and the satelliteis 35,786 km.5. Your company has won a special contract. The contract involves thedesign and commissioning of an earth station, able to meet relevantinternational telephony and broadcasting standards. The customer specifiesthe following as the essential features of the earth station:A usable bandwidth of 30 GHz.Capable of receiving and transmitting 99.55% of the 3.2-Gbit=secdata at all times.When receiving, it must be sensitive to the carrier power at least120 dBW. It is envisaged that the earth station will be situatedapproximately at longitude 132 E, latitude 10 south of theequator.Your design should allow for future expansion.Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
Page 282: 6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
Page 286: 4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
Page 290: FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
Page 294: For unity efficiency, and substitut
Page 298: This expression neglects losses oth
Page 302: This expression is equally valid fo
Page 306: and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
Page 310: 3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
Page 314: 4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
Page 318: We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
Page 322: FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
Page 326: Follow the uplink procedure for the
Page 330: Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
Page 336: 5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340: discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344: FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348: FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352: FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360: 5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364: Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
Page 368: The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
Page 372: 6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
Page 376: the channel and reconstruct the sou
Page 380: message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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