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about my promise to my students, and more importantly to transfer knowledgeto a wider audience. I am eternally grateful for their vision and support.I also thank Professor Patrick Leung of Victoria University, Melbourne,Australia, for his review of the manuscript and his constructive criticisms, andacknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.Finally, I want to thank my family for sparing me the time, which Iwould have otherwise spent with them, and their unconditional love that keepsme going.Michael O. KolawoleCopyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2: SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
Page 6: This book is dedicated to my famili
Page 10: Because of the immense importance o
Page 14: means of a combination of applicati
Page 20: ContentsSeries IntroductionPrefaceK
Page 24: 6. Error Detection and Correction C
Page 28: position location in order to insta
Page 32: FIGURE 1.1Intercontinental communic
Page 36: 3. Satellite circuits in a common c
Page 40: decryption algorithm D y with the c
Page 44: earthstations, RS( j) (more issaid
Page 48: Technology developed an advanced en
Page 52: FIGURE 1.8Sequence of the transform
Page 56: TABLE 1.1The DES Selection Function
Page 60: and the 32-bit block input isY ¼ y
Page 64: communication package placed in orb
Page 68:
2Satellites2.1 OVERVIEWA satellite
Page 72:
stable over their operating tempera
Page 76:
FIGURE 2.3 Geometric properties of
Page 80:
at the altitudes of satellites, the
Page 84:
whereg ¼ acceleration due to gravi
Page 88:
2.3 COVERAGE AREA AND SATELLITENETW
Page 92:
The apex angle required at the sate
Page 96:
the frontline satellites is then pa
Page 100:
station antenna must be pointed to
Page 104:
and the azimuth angle is a z ¼ 180
Page 108:
2.5.3 Swath WidthThe width of the v
Page 112:
2.6.3 System Speci¢cations: Analys
Page 116:
Like all materials that require cou
Page 120:
By the first definition, the system
Page 124:
SolutionFrom (2.28), we can estimat
Page 128:
FIGURE 2.11An example of redundancy
Page 132:
adiators. An antenna array is a fam
Page 136:
Example 2.3: The earth subtends an
Page 140:
eam is assumed symmetrical (i.e., y
Page 144:
FIGURE 2.15Feed array elements ðy
Page 148:
If the steering is in the direction
Page 152:
2.8 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMSA key co
Page 156:
Calculate (1) the probability that
Page 160:
FIGURE 2.20Carrier processing.infor
Page 164:
FIGURE 2.22(d) elliptic.Types of ba
Page 168:
FIGURE 2.23A klystron. (Courtesy of
Page 172:
FIGURE 2.25A simple block diagram o
Page 176:
tional protection is required to en
Page 180:
3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EARTH STATIO
Page 184:
3.1.1 Technical and Operational Req
Page 188:
excellent protection against noise
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FIGURE 3.3QPSK modulator.FIGURE 3.4
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TABLE 3.28-PSK Truth TableInput bit
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FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
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where B is the allocated channel ba
Page 208:
A frequently used function is the Q
Page 212:
In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
Page 216:
Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
Page 220:
Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
Page 224:
Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
Page 228:
The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
Page 232:
FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
Page 236:
First, in the case of digital signa
Page 240:
than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244:
FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
Page 248:
3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
Page 252:
controlling antenna pointing. The m
Page 256:
FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
Page 260:
FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
Page 264:
whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
Page 268:
To have a feel for this expression,
Page 272:
2. The system’s overall condition
Page 276:
transmitted down the fiber as digit
Page 280:
10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
Page 284:
142. Simulate the probability of bi
Page 288:
FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
Page 292:
Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
Page 296:
From (4.6), the received power P r
Page 300:
FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
Page 304:
4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
Page 308:
FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
Page 312:
FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
Page 316:
FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
Page 320:
inability of satellite A to accurat
Page 324:
FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
Page 328:
Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
Page 332:
(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
Page 336:
5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340:
discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344:
FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348:
FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352:
FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356:
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360:
5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364:
Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
Page 368:
The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
Page 372:
6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
Page 376:
the channel and reconstruct the sou
Page 380:
message sequence X . Thus, a system
Page 384:
If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
Page 388:
can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
Page 392:
FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
Page 396:
FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
Page 400:
Alternative methods of describing a
Page 404:
FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
Page 408:
FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
Page 412:
consistent with the constraint leng
Page 416:
trellis depth is approximated to 5L
Page 420:
FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
Page 424:
7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
Page 428:
of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
Page 432:
The CCIR works through the medium o
Page 436:
7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
Page 440:
The national or regional spectrum m
Page 444:
3. The need to expand or enhance th
Page 448:
The DSP will be responsible for res
Page 452:
2. Provide a convenient framework w
Page 456:
FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
Page 460:
H1-channels are designed to carry v
Page 464:
information. The transfer cell prov
Page 468:
The OSI layers are divided into two
Page 472:
plane is denoted by U, the control
Page 476:
interfacing, maintenance, and conne
Page 480:
adjoining base station to scan the
Page 484:
FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
Page 488:
FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
Page 492:
causes signal fading. Of course, th
Page 496:
FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
Page 500:
access to an Internet point of pres
Page 504:
message security via satellite is d
Page 508:
REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
Page 512:
Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
Page 516:
N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
Page 520:
g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524:
AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
Page 528:
Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
Page 532:
MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536:
UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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