View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

More documents

Recommendations

Info

that is, N zeros at the top and bottom of 1;2½hŠ ¼64a Na Nþ1a Nþ2.a 0a 1..a N375ð3:32bÞand23z c ð0Þ z c ð TÞ ... z c ð 2NTÞ z c ðTÞ z c ð0Þ ... z c ½ð 2N þ 1ÞTŠz c ¼ . . ... . 6745z c ð2NTÞ z c ½ð2N 1ÞTŠ ... z c ð0Þð3:32cÞThe preceding procedure describes the zero forcing technique. Since ½z eq Š isspecified by the zero forcing condition, all that is required is to find ½z c Š 1 ; thatis, the inverse of ½z c Š. The desired coefficient matrix ½hŠ is then the middlecolumn of ½z c Š1 , which follows by multiplying ½z c Š1 and ½z eq Š.As a refresher, the inverse of a nonsingular matrix A is defined asA 1 ¼ A adjjAjwhere A adj denotes the adjoint matrix of A, and jAj denotes the determinant ofA. For example, if A is a square matrix, its adjoint is the transpose of thematrix obtained from A by replacing each element of A by its cofactor. Thisdefinition becomes clearer with an illustration.Example 3.1: Find the inverse of matrix A defined by231 2 0A ¼ 4 3 1 2 5 ð3:33aÞ1 0 3Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2:
SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
Page 6:
This book is dedicated to my famili
Page 10:
Because of the immense importance o
Page 14:
means of a combination of applicati
Page 18:
about my promise to my students, an
Page 22:
2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
Page 26:
1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
Page 30:
and voice (telephone) communication
Page 34:
FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
Page 38:
interpreting or uncovering the deci
Page 42:
cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
Page 46:
FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
Page 50:
FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
Page 54:
Based on the ordering sequence of (
Page 58:
TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
Page 62:
For an uncoded message x and the fe
Page 66:
2. Your task is to develop a commun
Page 70:
FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
Page 74:
Future trends in satellite antennas
Page 78:
In the United States, the three sat
Page 82:
TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
Page 86:
FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
Page 90:
FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
Page 94:
FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
Page 98:
width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
Page 102:
y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
Page 106:
We can conclude that the antenna mu
Page 110:
FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
Page 114:
Risk control and monitoring measure
Page 118:
TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
Page 122:
Then the system availability can be
Page 126:
In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
Page 130:
2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
Page 134:
Two kinds of horns in common use ar
Page 138:
FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
Page 142:
FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
Page 146:
A transceiver antenna is a single a
Page 150:
The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
Page 154:
angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
Page 158:
3. The probability of both parallel
Page 162:
the baseband signal (more details a
Page 166:
matrix in the communications subsys
Page 170:
FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
Page 174: 4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
Page 178: 3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
Page 182: The most popular forms of modulatio
Page 186: Small earth stations are antennas w
Page 190: FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
Page 194: OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
Page 198: FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
Page 202: aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
Page 206: Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
Page 210: We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
Page 214: to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
Page 218: FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
Page 222: Equalization FilterAn equalization
Page 228: The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
Page 232: FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
Page 236: First, in the case of digital signa
Page 240: than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244: FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
Page 248: 3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
Page 252: controlling antenna pointing. The m
Page 256: FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
Page 260: FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
Page 264: whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
Page 268: To have a feel for this expression,
Page 272: 2. The system’s overall condition
Page 276:
transmitted down the fiber as digit
Page 280:
10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
Page 284:
142. Simulate the probability of bi
Page 288:
FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
Page 292:
Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
Page 296:
From (4.6), the received power P r
Page 300:
FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
Page 304:
4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
Page 308:
FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
Page 312:
FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
Page 316:
FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
Page 320:
inability of satellite A to accurat
Page 324:
FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
Page 328:
Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
Page 332:
(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
Page 336:
5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340:
discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344:
FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348:
FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352:
FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356:
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360:
5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364:
Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
Page 368:
The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
Page 372:
6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
Page 376:
the channel and reconstruct the sou
Page 380:
message sequence X . Thus, a system
Page 384:
If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
Page 388:
can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
Page 392:
FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
Page 396:
FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
Page 400:
Alternative methods of describing a
Page 404:
FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
Page 408:
FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
Page 412:
consistent with the constraint leng
Page 416:
trellis depth is approximated to 5L
Page 420:
FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
Page 424:
7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
Page 428:
of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
Page 432:
The CCIR works through the medium o
Page 436:
7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
Page 440:
The national or regional spectrum m
Page 444:
3. The need to expand or enhance th
Page 448:
The DSP will be responsible for res
Page 452:
2. Provide a convenient framework w
Page 456:
FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
Page 460:
H1-channels are designed to carry v
Page 464:
information. The transfer cell prov
Page 468:
The OSI layers are divided into two
Page 472:
plane is denoted by U, the control
Page 476:
interfacing, maintenance, and conne
Page 480:
adjoining base station to scan the
Page 484:
FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
Page 488:
FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
Page 492:
causes signal fading. Of course, th
Page 496:
FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
Page 500:
access to an Internet point of pres
Page 504:
message security via satellite is d
Page 508:
REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
Page 512:
Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
Page 516:
N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
Page 520:
g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524:
AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
Page 528:
Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
Page 532:
MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536:
UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
show all

View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?