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interfacing, maintenance, and connection to other equipment. S=T is thesignalling point or user=network point whose primary function is to transfersignalling messages from one signalling link to another. The other codes are aspreviously defined. The various information flows exchanged between peerplanes and peer entities in different functional groups are carried over the samephysical medium. The physical and logical interface is the connection point toexternal networks. ISDN incorporates the physical, data link, network, andtransport layers of the OSI model. It should be noted that the information flowscould be carried over separate component channels of the existing channelstructure or be multiplexed onto a single component channel.Advances in technology demand further expansion in the developmentof protocols covering full multimedia services (broadband and the Internet).As such, there is a need for protocols thatDefine a universal user-access interface for broadband satellite multimediaservices that (1) is open to different satellite system implementationsand (2) provides both the Internet Protocol (IP) and realtimeseamless broadband service provisionConverge both fixed and mobile multimedia networks toward a globalmultimedia mobility architecture; that is, by merging service functionsderived from the universal mobile telecommunication system(UMTS) and the third-generation mobile services (simply calledIMT-2000, mobile multimedia phones, or smart mobiles) and fromfixed broadband accessSeparate higher-layer access network functions, which traditionally hidethe lower-layer dependent functions from both the end user and thecore networkDemonstrate how to apply higher-layer access network functions orlayer-dependent functions to other existing satellite access networkfunctions and planned systemsAllow measurement of quality of service (QoS) and flexibility foroptimized or proprietary air interfaces to satellite systems8.2.2 Cellular Mobile SystemsAn example of a cellular mobile system is the Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM), which is one of the most successful standardizedsystems. The GSM architecture is based on the Public Land Mobile Network(PLMN), a segment of the land-based digital-switched network (LDSN),Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
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6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
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4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
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FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
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For unity efficiency, and substitut
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This expression neglects losses oth
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This expression is equally valid fo
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and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
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3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
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4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
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We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
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FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
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Follow the uplink procedure for the
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Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
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6. For link to be maintained betwee
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5.1 PRINCIPLES OF MULTIPLE ACCESSAs
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neously, their transmissions collid
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technique and would remain the most
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FIGURE 5.4 Typical TDMA frame struc
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FIGURE 5.6TDMA throughput for an IN
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and transmits through the satellite
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FIGURE 5.8FDMA total capacity respo
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tion; that is, log e ð1 þ xÞ x t
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REFERENCES1. Spilker, J.J. (1977).
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6.1 CHANNEL CODINGNoise within a tr
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where G is a generator matrix that
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The syndrome is a single word of le
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SolutionComparing (i) and (ii) with
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Cyclic CodesCyclic codes are a subs
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When errors occur in bursts, the nu
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FIGURE 6.3Rate 1/2 convolutional en
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us to a particular node in the tree
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FIGURE 6.6 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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FIGURE 6.9 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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A generalized Viterbi algorithm is
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3. Huffman, D.A. (1952). A method f
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4. Draw a block diagram for a convo
Page 426: 1. The first essential requirement
Page 430: use. The ITU Radio Regulations gove
Page 434: Within the CCITT structure exist a
Page 438: 7.2 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REGULATIO
Page 442: 8Mobile Satellite System Services8.
Page 446: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 450: may reside within a single LDSN. Th
Page 454: destination through the intermediat
Page 458: can be used at separate user-to-net
Page 462: where0 n 40 m 246n þ m 24ð8:
Page 466: elationship between OSI and ISDN: t
Page 470: network and for networks to communi
Page 474: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 480: adjoining base station to scan the
Page 484: FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
Page 488: FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
Page 492: causes signal fading. Of course, th
Page 496: FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
Page 500: access to an Internet point of pres
Page 504: message security via satellite is d
Page 508: REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
Page 512: Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
Page 516: N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
Page 520: g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524: AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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