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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS fS mS pTT aT bT cT sXYZaa ca da fa pbbb ccd cd H;mind iee kNumber of surviving system componentsArbitrary matrixReceived powerEffective solar system powerTotal radiated by transmitting sourceDistance from the hypothetical isotropic source or sphericalsurface radiusSystem reliability at time tCode rateEquatorial radius of the earthData transmission rateGeocentric radius of earth stationError syndromeSemifocal length of an elliptic orbitSemiminor axis of an elliptic orbitSemiparameter of an elliptic orbitSystem noise temperatureAntenna temperatureBit (or burst) durationAverage time between successive channelsSymbol (or frame) durationMessage dataReceived codewordError-prone received codewordSemimajor axis of an ellipse (Chap. 2); unpolarized rain attenuationcoefficient (Chap. 4); or side of a polygon (Chap. 8)Attenuation coefficient for circularly polarized raindropAcceleration due to aerodynamic dragLoss factor for solar array cellsPower attenuationMessage lengthUnpolarized rain attenuation coefficientAttenuation coefficient for circularly polarized raindropSpeed of lightChannel densityHamming minimum distanceFrequency band reuse distanceEccentricity of an ellipseNumber of correctable errors per codeword in the BCH codingtechniquesCopyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
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6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
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4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
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FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
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For unity efficiency, and substitut
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This expression neglects losses oth
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This expression is equally valid fo
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and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
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3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
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4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
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We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
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FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
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Follow the uplink procedure for the
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Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
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6. For link to be maintained betwee
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5.1 PRINCIPLES OF MULTIPLE ACCESSAs
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neously, their transmissions collid
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technique and would remain the most
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FIGURE 5.4 Typical TDMA frame struc
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FIGURE 5.6TDMA throughput for an IN
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and transmits through the satellite
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FIGURE 5.8FDMA total capacity respo
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tion; that is, log e ð1 þ xÞ x t
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REFERENCES1. Spilker, J.J. (1977).
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6.1 CHANNEL CODINGNoise within a tr
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where G is a generator matrix that
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The syndrome is a single word of le
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SolutionComparing (i) and (ii) with
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Cyclic CodesCyclic codes are a subs
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When errors occur in bursts, the nu
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FIGURE 6.3Rate 1/2 convolutional en
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us to a particular node in the tree
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FIGURE 6.6 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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FIGURE 6.9 Trellis diagram of Fig.
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A generalized Viterbi algorithm is
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3. Huffman, D.A. (1952). A method f
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4. Draw a block diagram for a convo
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1. The first essential requirement
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use. The ITU Radio Regulations gove
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Within the CCITT structure exist a
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7.2 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REGULATIO
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8Mobile Satellite System Services8.
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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may reside within a single LDSN. Th
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destination through the intermediat
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can be used at separate user-to-net
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where0 n 40 m 246n þ m 24ð8:
Page 466: elationship between OSI and ISDN: t
Page 470: network and for networks to communi
Page 474: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 478: shown in Fig. 8.1. Some of the attr
Page 482: It is possible to formulate a metho
Page 486: transmitting power. The smaller the
Page 490: FIGURE 8.12Tessellated clusters of
Page 494: 8.3.1 The InternetThe Internet cons
Page 498: SecurityData security is a matter o
Page 502: Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 506: well suited to this method. The con
Page 510: 4. Describe the protocol used on th
Page 514: B Aperture length in E-plane of a p
Page 520: g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524: AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
Page 528: Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
Page 532: MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536: UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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