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A frequently used function is the Q function, which is related to the erfcfunction byQðuÞ ffi1 ð 1pffiffiffiffiffi2p ue x2 =x dxð3:17aÞComparing (3.17a) with (3.13), we write the relationship between Q and erfcasQðuÞ ¼ 1 2 erfc u ð3:17bÞ2For computational purposes, (3.16) in (3.12) enables the M-PSK systems errorrates to be evaluated, as demonstrated by Fig. 3.10.Fig. 3.10 shows the error performance P e for data bits b ¼ 1; 2; 3, and 4.P e decreases monotonically with increasing E b =N 0 . Theoretically, there is amarginal difference between the error performance of the BPSK and QPSKschemes. In practice, however, the error performance of both schemes is takento be similar because the 3-dB reduction in error distance for QPSK isconsidered to be offset by the decrease in its bandwidth.FIGURE 3.10Bit error rates of M-PSK modulation systems.Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
Page 158: 3. The probability of both parallel
Page 162: the baseband signal (more details a
Page 166: matrix in the communications subsys
Page 170: FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
Page 174: 4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
Page 178: 3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
Page 182: The most popular forms of modulatio
Page 186: Small earth stations are antennas w
Page 190: FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
Page 194: OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
Page 198: FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
Page 202: aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
Page 206: Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
Page 212: In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
Page 216: Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
Page 220: Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
Page 224: Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
Page 228: The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
Page 232: FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
Page 236: First, in the case of digital signa
Page 240: than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244: FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
Page 248: 3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
Page 252: controlling antenna pointing. The m
Page 256: FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
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FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
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whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
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To have a feel for this expression,
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2. The system’s overall condition
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transmitted down the fiber as digit
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10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
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142. Simulate the probability of bi
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FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
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Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
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From (4.6), the received power P r
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FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
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4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
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FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
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FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
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FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
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inability of satellite A to accurat
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FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
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Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
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5Communication Networks andSystemsC
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discriminate among carriers by temp
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FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
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FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
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FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
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Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
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The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
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6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
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the channel and reconstruct the sou
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message sequence X . Thus, a system
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If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
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can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
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FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
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Alternative methods of describing a
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FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
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consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
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7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
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of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
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The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
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3. The need to expand or enhance th
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The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
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FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
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information. The transfer cell prov
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The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
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interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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