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PrefaceSatellite communication is one of the most impressive spin-offs from spaceprograms, and has made a major contribution to the pattern of internationalcommunications. The engineering aspect of satellite communicationscombines such diverse topics as antennas, radio wave propagation, signalprocessing, data communication, modulation, detection, coding, filtering,orbital mechanics, and electronics. Each is a major field of study and eachhas its own extensive literature. Satellite Communication Engineering emphasizesthe relevant material from these areas that is important to the book’ssubject matter and derives equations that the reader can follow and understand.The aim of this book is to present in a simple and concise manner thefundamental principles common to the majority of information communicationssystems. Mastering the basic principles permits moving on to concreterealizations without great difficulty. Throughout, concepts are developedmostly on an intuitive, physical basis, with further insight provided byCopyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2: SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
Page 6: This book is dedicated to my famili
Page 10: Because of the immense importance o
Page 16: information channel, which carries
Page 20: ContentsSeries IntroductionPrefaceK
Page 24: 6. Error Detection and Correction C
Page 28: position location in order to insta
Page 32: FIGURE 1.1Intercontinental communic
Page 36: 3. Satellite circuits in a common c
Page 40: decryption algorithm D y with the c
Page 44: earthstations, RS( j) (more issaid
Page 48: Technology developed an advanced en
Page 52: FIGURE 1.8Sequence of the transform
Page 56: TABLE 1.1The DES Selection Function
Page 60: and the 32-bit block input isY ¼ y
Page 64:
communication package placed in orb
Page 68:
2Satellites2.1 OVERVIEWA satellite
Page 72:
stable over their operating tempera
Page 76:
FIGURE 2.3 Geometric properties of
Page 80:
at the altitudes of satellites, the
Page 84:
whereg ¼ acceleration due to gravi
Page 88:
2.3 COVERAGE AREA AND SATELLITENETW
Page 92:
The apex angle required at the sate
Page 96:
the frontline satellites is then pa
Page 100:
station antenna must be pointed to
Page 104:
and the azimuth angle is a z ¼ 180
Page 108:
2.5.3 Swath WidthThe width of the v
Page 112:
2.6.3 System Speci¢cations: Analys
Page 116:
Like all materials that require cou
Page 120:
By the first definition, the system
Page 124:
SolutionFrom (2.28), we can estimat
Page 128:
FIGURE 2.11An example of redundancy
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adiators. An antenna array is a fam
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Example 2.3: The earth subtends an
Page 140:
eam is assumed symmetrical (i.e., y
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FIGURE 2.15Feed array elements ðy
Page 148:
If the steering is in the direction
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2.8 SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMSA key co
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Calculate (1) the probability that
Page 160:
FIGURE 2.20Carrier processing.infor
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FIGURE 2.22(d) elliptic.Types of ba
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FIGURE 2.23A klystron. (Courtesy of
Page 172:
FIGURE 2.25A simple block diagram o
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tional protection is required to en
Page 180:
3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EARTH STATIO
Page 184:
3.1.1 Technical and Operational Req
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excellent protection against noise
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FIGURE 3.3QPSK modulator.FIGURE 3.4
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TABLE 3.28-PSK Truth TableInput bit
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FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
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where B is the allocated channel ba
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A frequently used function is the Q
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In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
Page 216:
Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
Page 220:
Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
Page 224:
Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
Page 228:
The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
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FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
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First, in the case of digital signa
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than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244:
FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
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3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
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controlling antenna pointing. The m
Page 256:
FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
Page 260:
FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
Page 264:
whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
Page 268:
To have a feel for this expression,
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2. The system’s overall condition
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transmitted down the fiber as digit
Page 280:
10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
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142. Simulate the probability of bi
Page 288:
FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
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Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
Page 296:
From (4.6), the received power P r
Page 300:
FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
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4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
Page 308:
FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
Page 312:
FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
Page 316:
FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
Page 320:
inability of satellite A to accurat
Page 324:
FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
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Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
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(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
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5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340:
discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344:
FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348:
FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352:
FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356:
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360:
5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364:
Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
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The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
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6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
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the channel and reconstruct the sou
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message sequence X . Thus, a system
Page 384:
If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
Page 388:
can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
Page 392:
FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
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FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
Page 400:
Alternative methods of describing a
Page 404:
FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
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FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
Page 412:
consistent with the constraint leng
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trellis depth is approximated to 5L
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FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
Page 424:
7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
Page 428:
of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
Page 432:
The CCIR works through the medium o
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7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
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The national or regional spectrum m
Page 444:
3. The need to expand or enhance th
Page 448:
The DSP will be responsible for res
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2. Provide a convenient framework w
Page 456:
FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
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H1-channels are designed to carry v
Page 464:
information. The transfer cell prov
Page 468:
The OSI layers are divided into two
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plane is denoted by U, the control
Page 476:
interfacing, maintenance, and conne
Page 480:
adjoining base station to scan the
Page 484:
FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
Page 488:
FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
Page 492:
causes signal fading. Of course, th
Page 496:
FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
Page 504:
message security via satellite is d
Page 508:
REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
Page 512:
Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
Page 516:
N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
Page 520:
g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524:
AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
Page 528:
Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
Page 532:
MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536:
UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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