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use. The ITU Radio Regulations govern satellite communication networks.The approved Reports and Recommendations are not of themselves obligatoryin the same content as the Radio Regulations, but serve as standards for use bythe world’s telecommunication community. World administrative radio conferences(WARCs) elect the five members of the International FrequencyRegistration Board (IFRB). WARCs may also adopt resolutions andrecommendations. Only member states vote at these conferences, but representativesof other international organizations and private sectors can attendthe sessions.The International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) and the InternationalTelegraph and Telephone Consultative Council (CCITT) convenestudy groups in order to recommend technical specifications for equipmentand to conduct propagation, interference, and other types of analyses. Thework of these committees (CCIR and CCITT) has considerable influence onsystem planners, network designers, and equipment manufacturers, and to alesser degree on operators. For this reason the next subsections briefly describetheir origin, responsibilities, and functions.7.1.1 CCIRThe CCIR duties are (as defined under the International TelecommunicationConvention, Nairobi, 1982, first part, chapter 1, Article II, No. 83) to studytechnical and operating questions relating specifically to radiocommunicationwithout limit of frequency range, and to issue recommendations on them. Theobjectives of the CCIR are in particular:1. To provide the technical bases for use by the administrative radioconferences and radiocommunication services for efficient utilizationof the radiofrequency spectrum and the geostationary satelliteorbit, bearing in mind the needs of the various radio services2. To recommend performance standards for radio systems and technicalarrangements, which ensure their effective and compatibleinterworking in international telecommunications3. To collect, exchange, analyze, and disseminate technical informationresulting from the studies by the CCIR, and other informationavailable, for the development, planning and operation of radiosystems, including any necessary special measures required tofacilitate the use of such information in developing countriesCopyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
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This book is dedicated to my famili
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Because of the immense importance o
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means of a combination of applicati
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about my promise to my students, an
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2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
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1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
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and voice (telephone) communication
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FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
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interpreting or uncovering the deci
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cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
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FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
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FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
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Based on the ordering sequence of (
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TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
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For an uncoded message x and the fe
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2. Your task is to develop a commun
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FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
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Future trends in satellite antennas
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In the United States, the three sat
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TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
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FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
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FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
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FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
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width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
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y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
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We can conclude that the antenna mu
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FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
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Risk control and monitoring measure
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TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
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Then the system availability can be
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In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
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2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
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Two kinds of horns in common use ar
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FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
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FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
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A transceiver antenna is a single a
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The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
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angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
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3. The probability of both parallel
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the baseband signal (more details a
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matrix in the communications subsys
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FIGURE 2.24Typical transfer charact
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4. Iridium LCC (1997). Iridium Syst
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3Earth StationsIn Chap. 2 we discus
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The most popular forms of modulatio
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Small earth stations are antennas w
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FIGURE 3.2BPSK space diagram.Instea
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OQPSKOffset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modif
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FIGURE 3.7An 8-PSK space diagram.an
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aud. The word ‘‘baud’’ hono
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Noise power density N 0bandwidth:N
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We observe in (3.11) that E b =N 0
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to (3.23) shows that a margin of 11
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FIGURE 3.12 Principle of scrambling
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Equalization FilterAn equalization
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that is, N zeros at the top and bot
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Example 3.2: Consider a transmissio
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which can be written as89>=R xy ðt
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ecause a voice signal is usually hi
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systems is discussed in Sec. 4.2. O
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where T e is the equivalent tempera
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operating principle of all directio
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performance of the satellite commun
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3. For two independent sources, wit
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FIGURE 3.21 A representation of mut
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In practice, Eqs. (3.78) and (3.76)
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This condition is always satisfied
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Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
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epeaters overshooting into subseque
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6. Conventional BPSK modulation all
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4Satellite LinksA satellite link co
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FIGURE 4.2 Basic antenna parameters
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For unity efficiency, and substitut
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This expression neglects losses oth
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This expression is equally valid fo
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and Lin [5]:whereL ¼L o1 þ L oðr
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3. Calculate attenuation A r in dB
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4.2.1 Intersatellite LinksAs indica
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We know from (4.4b) that f c is dep
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FIGURE 4.9 Cross-link transmission
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Follow the uplink procedure for the
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Satellite:Frequencies:14.75 GHz up
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6. For link to be maintained betwee
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5.1 PRINCIPLES OF MULTIPLE ACCESSAs
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neously, their transmissions collid
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technique and would remain the most
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FIGURE 5.4 Typical TDMA frame struc
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FIGURE 5.6TDMA throughput for an IN
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and transmits through the satellite
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FIGURE 5.8FDMA total capacity respo
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tion; that is, log e ð1 þ xÞ x t
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REFERENCES1. Spilker, J.J. (1977).
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6.1 CHANNEL CODINGNoise within a tr
Page 378: where G is a generator matrix that
Page 382: The syndrome is a single word of le
Page 386: SolutionComparing (i) and (ii) with
Page 390: Cyclic CodesCyclic codes are a subs
Page 394: When errors occur in bursts, the nu
Page 398: FIGURE 6.3Rate 1/2 convolutional en
Page 402: us to a particular node in the tree
Page 406: FIGURE 6.6 Trellis diagram of Fig.
Page 410: FIGURE 6.9 Trellis diagram of Fig.
Page 414: A generalized Viterbi algorithm is
Page 418: 3. Huffman, D.A. (1952). A method f
Page 422: 4. Draw a block diagram for a convo
Page 426: 1. The first essential requirement
Page 432: The CCIR works through the medium o
Page 436: 7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
Page 440: The national or regional spectrum m
Page 444: 3. The need to expand or enhance th
Page 448: The DSP will be responsible for res
Page 452: 2. Provide a convenient framework w
Page 456: FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
Page 460: H1-channels are designed to carry v
Page 464: information. The transfer cell prov
Page 468: The OSI layers are divided into two
Page 472: plane is denoted by U, the control
Page 476: interfacing, maintenance, and conne
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adjoining base station to scan the
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FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
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FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
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causes signal fading. Of course, th
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FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
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access to an Internet point of pres
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message security via satellite is d
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REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
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Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
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N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
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g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
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AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
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Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
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MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
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UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
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