View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Calculate (1) the probability that one solar cell goes (a) short-circuit and (b)open circuit in a one-year period, (2) the probability that the three cells in onearm short-circuit, and (3) the reliability of the solar power system for a oneyearperiod.SolutionThe solution to Example 2.5 uses the equations derived in (2.32)through (2.36). SoN s ¼ 80dN f ¼ 6 for short-circuitdN f ¼ 9 for open circuitdt ¼ 10 8 hrt ¼ð365 24Þ ¼8760 hr for nonleap year1. To obtain the probability of the open and short-circuit cases, eachcase’s failure rate and reliability must be established since theirprobability P ¼ 1 reliability. Hence for(a)A short-circuit cell, using (2.35) the average failure rate isgiven byl rðs=cÞ ¼ 1 N sdN fdtUsing (2.37), the reliability isR ¼ e l rðs=cÞt ¼ 0:99999343¼ 1 680 10 8 ¼ 0:75*10 9Hence, the probability of a short circuit within a calendar yearisP s=c ¼ 1 R s=c ¼ 6:75*10 6(b)Similarly, for an open circuit celll rðo=cÞ ¼ 1 N sdN fdt¼ 1 980 10 8 ¼ 1:13*10 9Its reliability R o=c ¼ 0:99999015. The probability of an opencircuit within the calendar year P o=c ¼ 9:85*10 6 .2. The probability of the cells array in one arm short-circuiting isP array ¼ N s *P s=c ¼ 80*6:57*10 6 ¼ 5:26*10 4Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Page 2:
SatelliteCommunicationEngineeringMi
Page 6:
This book is dedicated to my famili
Page 10:
Because of the immense importance o
Page 14:
means of a combination of applicati
Page 18:
about my promise to my students, an
Page 22:
2.3 Coverage Area and Satellite Net
Page 26:
1Basic Principles of SatelliteCommu
Page 30:
and voice (telephone) communication
Page 34:
FIGURE 1.2Communication between two
Page 38:
interpreting or uncovering the deci
Page 42:
cryptographic keys K ti (where i ¼
Page 46:
FIGURE 1.6Block ciphering technique
Page 50:
FIGURE 1.7Part of block ciphering w
Page 54:
Based on the ordering sequence of (
Page 58:
TABLE 1.1 (continued )S612 1 10 15
Page 62:
For an uncoded message x and the fe
Page 66:
2. Your task is to develop a commun
Page 70:
FIGURE 2.1Geometry of a satellite.
Page 74:
Future trends in satellite antennas
Page 78:
In the United States, the three sat
Page 82:
TABLE 2.3Typical Links Frequency Ba
Page 86:
FIGURE 2.4Satellite period and orbi
Page 90:
FIGURE 2.6An illustration of covera
Page 94:
FIGURE 2.7constellation.A sketch of
Page 98:
width of 1:73 with reduced coverag
Page 102:
y ¼ elevation angle of satellite f
Page 106: We can conclude that the antenna mu
Page 110: FIGURE 2.9Design flowchart of a sat
Page 114: Risk control and monitoring measure
Page 118: TABLE 2.4Antenna Selection Criteria
Page 122: Then the system availability can be
Page 126: In fact, MTBF is the reciprocal of
Page 130: 2.7 ANTENNASBased on function, sate
Page 134: Two kinds of horns in common use ar
Page 138: FIGURE 2.13Geometry of a parabolic
Page 142: FIGURE 2.14 Axisymmetric reflector
Page 146: A transceiver antenna is a single a
Page 150: The gain, in the axial mode, of a h
Page 154: angles, spacecraft may shadow the s
Page 160: FIGURE 2.20Carrier processing.infor
Page 164: FIGURE 2.22(d) elliptic.Types of ba
Page 168: FIGURE 2.23A klystron. (Courtesy of
Page 172: FIGURE 2.25A simple block diagram o
Page 176: tional protection is required to en
Page 180: 3.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EARTH STATIO
Page 184: 3.1.1 Technical and Operational Req
Page 188: excellent protection against noise
Page 192: FIGURE 3.3QPSK modulator.FIGURE 3.4
Page 196: TABLE 3.28-PSK Truth TableInput bit
Page 200: FIGURE 3.8An M-ary PSK demodulator
Page 204: where B is the allocated channel ba
Page 208:
A frequently used function is the Q
Page 212:
In view of (3.11), Eq. (3.18) can b
Page 216:
Encoder and DecoderAn encoder is an
Page 220:
Modulator and DemodulatorA modulato
Page 224:
Zero Forcing Technique. Suppose the
Page 228:
The adjoint of matrix A is obtained
Page 232:
FIGURE 3.14The three-tap equalizer
Page 236:
First, in the case of digital signa
Page 240:
than 1=A. Whichever law is used, th
Page 244:
FIGURE 3.16Block diagram for estima
Page 248:
3.4.2 Antenna TrackingAn earth stat
Page 252:
controlling antenna pointing. The m
Page 256:
FIGURE 3.19A generalized model of a
Page 260:
FIGURE 3.20Entropy of a binary sour
Page 264:
whereHðYÞ¼output entropy, the av
Page 268:
To have a feel for this expression,
Page 272:
2. The system’s overall condition
Page 276:
transmitted down the fiber as digit
Page 280:
10. Kantor, L. Y. (ed). (1987). Han
Page 284:
142. Simulate the probability of bi
Page 288:
FIGURE 4.1A simplex link.baseband c
Page 292:
Chapter 2, Sec. 2.7, discusses that
Page 296:
From (4.6), the received power P r
Page 300:
FIGURE 4.3A model of the combined-l
Page 304:
4.1.2 Rain AttenuationRain attenuat
Page 308:
FIGURE 4.5rates.Average rainstorm p
Page 312:
FIGURE 4.6Adjacent satellite interf
Page 316:
FIGURE 4.8Satellite separation dist
Page 320:
inability of satellite A to accurat
Page 324:
FIGURE 4.10 Cross-link E b =N 0 vs.
Page 328:
Then using (4.41), the overall C=N
Page 332:
(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)Calculate the recei
Page 336:
5Communication Networks andSystemsC
Page 340:
discriminate among carriers by temp
Page 344:
FIGURE 5.2 Principle of FDMA system
Page 348:
FIGURE 5.3 Operational concept of T
Page 352:
FIGURE 5.5TDMA: bit rate r b for 1
Page 356:
Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker,
Page 360:
5.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON OFMULTIPLE-
Page 364:
Rearranging (5.11) in terms of ener
Page 368:
The transmission bit rate isR r ¼
Page 372:
6Error Detection and CorrectionCodi
Page 376:
the channel and reconstruct the sou
Page 380:
message sequence X . Thus, a system
Page 384:
If we consider a message X ¼ð1010
Page 388:
can be seen in Table 6.1 that the m
Page 392:
FIGURE 6.1A (7, 4) cyclic code gene
Page 396:
FIGURE 6.2Convolutional codes encod
Page 400:
Alternative methods of describing a
Page 404:
FIGURE 6.5 Code tree diagram of Fig
Page 408:
FIGURE 6.8 Code tree diagram of rat
Page 412:
consistent with the constraint leng
Page 416:
trellis depth is approximated to 5L
Page 420:
FIGURE P.1A convolutional coder.the
Page 424:
7Regulatory Agencies andProceduresT
Page 428:
of the radiofrequency spectrum, and
Page 432:
The CCIR works through the medium o
Page 436:
7.1.3 IFRBThe International Frequen
Page 440:
The national or regional spectrum m
Page 444:
3. The need to expand or enhance th
Page 448:
The DSP will be responsible for res
Page 452:
2. Provide a convenient framework w
Page 456:
FIGURE 8.3Types of user-to-network
Page 460:
H1-channels are designed to carry v
Page 464:
information. The transfer cell prov
Page 468:
The OSI layers are divided into two
Page 472:
plane is denoted by U, the control
Page 476:
interfacing, maintenance, and conne
Page 480:
adjoining base station to scan the
Page 484:
FIGURE 8.9Geometry of a polygon.The
Page 488:
FIGURE 8.11Splitting cells into sma
Page 492:
causes signal fading. Of course, th
Page 496:
FIGURE 8.14TCP=IP suite and its rel
Page 500:
access to an Internet point of pres
Page 504:
message security via satellite is d
Page 508:
REFERENCES1. Wu, W.W. (1989). Eleme
Page 512:
Appendix ANotationsThe symbols have
Page 516:
N sPP rP sP TRRðtÞR cR eR rR vSS
Page 520:
g Central anglez Channel gainZ Ante
Page 524:
AttenuationBandwidthBearer serviceB
Page 528:
Frequency divisionmultiple accessFr
Page 532:
MultiplexingNetworkOmnidirectionala
Page 536:
UplinkUser-to-networkinterfaceThe e
show all

View File - University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?