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Appendix I This appendix is a short catalogue of twenty halls in Scandinavia, England, Holland and northwest Germany. The halls are those on which the discussion in the first chapter is based and they have been collected here to guide any reader with a particular interest in halls. Halls are a phenomenon in vogue among researchers who take an interest in the last five hundred years of the first millennium AD and the number of halls is steadly growing due to new field work and reinterpretations of old excavations. This means that the selection presented in this appendix will soon be inadequate and some of the examples may also become the objects of future reinterpretations (cf. Fabech 1998). The geographical and chronological distribution, of the sample are summarised in Figs. 40 and 41. * 1 Wijster. Around 400 AD the village of Wijster (van Es 1967) was structured in three fenced quarters. The southern part of the westernmost quarter is occupied by a large farm with a hall. The position of the farm is prominent inasmuch as it marks the entrance to the village when you approach it from the burial ground. It is likely that there was felt to be a connection between the farm and the four mounds. It is partly the design of the farm which makes it likely that the isolated house is a hall, but the architecture of the house itself also speaks in favour of this interpretation. In the present sample the house should be compared to those from Yeavering and Cowdery’s Down, and the position of the farm bears a clear resemblance to that of the hall farms in Feddersen Wierde. 2 Feddersen Wierde. In Feddersen Wierde Haarnagel (1979) singled out houses 12 and 35 as halls. In the my discussion I expand upon this and arrive at slightly different interpretations. The prominent character of the farms to which the houses belong is obvious and so is the prominent position of the farms in the village. The halls in Feddersen Wierde seem to belong to a period starting c. 100 AD and ending in the 4th century. 181
3 Dejbjerg. The hall from Dejbjerg that we know of was burned down in the 4th century AD (Hansen 1993; 1996). Rather than being a hall in a village, it belonged to a single farm in a prominent position in the cultural landscape. It has been inferred that between the late Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Middle Ages, Dejbjerg was a centre of some importance (Hansen 1996). It is the oldest example of a smashed hall. (Herschend 1995; Hansen 1996). 4 Dankirke. The hall at Dankirke is similar to that in Dejbjerg although somewhat younger, 5th and 6th century AD. The farm has been considered a merchants’ farm 182 Figure 40. Map of the halls in Appendix I.
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Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15
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Published with grants from Swedish
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6 The Two Panegyrics ..............
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I. Introduction This study seeks an
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(Herschend 1993). It has also becom
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democratic congregation had been es
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ample of a need for large storage f
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mately the sense applied to the oth
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is found at Borg in Lofoten and dat
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Figures 3a and b. (a) The hall at W
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(b) An early phase of a farm at Cow
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The Farm Owner’s Seat The positio
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place. Living quarters are limited
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Figure 9. A proposed schematic deve
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When eventually hall and power, kin
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Figures 12a and b. A comparison bet
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kitchen. The tempo in Northern Norw
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have their obvious counterparts in
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they, contrary to most of the guest
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accessible, elevated and at the sam
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Figures 17a-c. Three sections of ro
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this farm, however, the village was
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Figure 19. The Oelandic Iron Age vi
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50 Figures 21a and b. (a), Early Me
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question. This is certainly a matte
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the sources used, houses as well as
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Although we may accept the argument
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The change in the meaning of the wo
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60 UlfR ok þeR Ragnarr restu sten
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Earlier discussions of the Old Engl
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Figure 22. The structure of Wealhth
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than pious disposition, ought to do
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Figure 25. Two partly overlapping e
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good father, good son or good broth
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72 In reality it gives a significan
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and immediately afterwards he is cu
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current, throughout the poem as wel
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2209 hé gehéold tela fiftig wintr
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Figure 30. The use of the word good
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to introduce Beowulf and to describ
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mate success, but there is no sharp
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Wealhtheow, whose name means ‘cel
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In verse 1810 the sword Hrunting is
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you and perhaps take a liking to yo
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it must be discussed how a Late Cla
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45 Post tenebras noctis stellarum l
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Sigibert burn to marry the maid. Th
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why is the description of Brunhild
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Skírne-motif and hints at the para
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fourth belongs to a period after Si
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The second poem seems ultimately to
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106 You have adopted the custom of
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Distant or stand-offish Germanic ki
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110 So am I, exhausted by the might
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the first poem to express the unite
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How fast does Fame fly, rising on f
Page 117 and 118: order to survive and develop, but a
Page 119 and 120: Their peaceful role in general and
Page 121 and 122: eciprocal connection between a pair
Page 123 and 124: esult of a philosophical developmen
Page 125 and 126: connections is marked and dispropor
Page 127 and 128: and humans and animals on each side
Page 129 and 130: competition on the farm was smooth
Page 131 and 132: The established aristocracy is alwa
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Page 135 and 136: peasants, namely the marriage betwe
Page 137 and 138: have been their obvious right to ex
Page 139 and 140: not free to pass through the lower
Page 141 and 142: 174 Then Ælfwine said, he talked b
Page 143 and 144: was a child. Today we would not cou
Page 145 and 146: Beowulf in the first part of the po
Page 147 and 148: 180
Page 149 and 150: Andersson, K., 1993. Romersk guldsm
Page 151 and 152: Fabech, C., 1998. Slöinge i perspe
Page 153 and 154: ⎯ 1993. The origin of the hall in
Page 155 and 156: Knudsen, S. Aa. & Hertz, E., 1994.
Page 157 and 158: Nielsen, K. M., 1945. Var thegnerne
Page 159 and 160: ⎯ 1993. Vikingetidens volde og bo
Page 161 and 162: Williams, T. A., M. Shaw & V. Debha
Page 163 and 164: 212
Page 165 and 166: 214
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Page 171 and 172: on a central farm among other large
Page 173 and 174: 186 Appendix II An English version
Page 175 and 176: 188 To him who strengthless fled th
Page 177 and 178: 190 When I, as a stranger, saw Germ
Page 179 and 180: Notes 1 The translation follows the
Page 181 and 182: always fasting, incessantly praying
Page 183 and 184: 7. When Atharidos got to know this
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