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32 Figure 11. Indications of a gender-bound artefact distribution in the hall at Vallhagar (after Biörnstad 1955, Fig. 68). The Interface Between the Farm Owner and his Guests The frequent finds in halls of broken glasses are a sign of the significance of the hall as a social room and an interface between the hall owner, the selerærend in the terms of Beowulf, and a number of invited guests. In Dejbjerg, Dankirke, Helgö and Borg there seem to have been glasses enough for half a dozen guests or more, in any case more glasses than the nuclear family could use privately. Glasses were undoubtedly a sign of wealth, and references to the meadbench in Beowulf or the poem about the Battle of Maldon and especially Wealhtheow’s speech in the former when she offer beer to Hroðgar, her husband, as well as to Rolf Kraki and Beowulf, are in my opinion indicative of the wish to display wealth, civilisation and refinement. Drinking in the hall went hand in hand with talking in the hall, if we are to believe the texts, and although the talking can no longer be heard, the existence of drinking vessels is probably a proof of both and a link to show how archaeology and text tell the same story. In peripheral Lofoten the hall at Borg contains a feature that has been interpreted as a closed pit for seething meat, a construction that indicates the need to host and feed a larger number of people (Johansen O-S 1989, pp. 23 ff.). Cooking is otherwise most uncommon in hall rooms, but in the Lofoten case it is obviously the great distances in that part of Scandinavia that made it necessary to provide for people with food and drink for a longer time than could always be managed in the farm
Figures 12a and b. A comparison between the ceramics from the kitchen-dwelling in Vallhagar House 18 (Gejvall 1955; Stenberger and Klindt-Jensen 1955) (a) and from the hall, Vallhagar House 16 (Björnstad 1955) (b). Water jugs and small mugs characterise kitchen-dwelling and hall respectively. 33
Page 1: Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15
Page 4 and 5: Published with grants from Swedish
Page 6 and 7: 6 The Two Panegyrics ..............
Page 9 and 10: I. Introduction This study seeks an
Page 11 and 12: (Herschend 1993). It has also becom
Page 13 and 14: democratic congregation had been es
Page 15 and 16: ample of a need for large storage f
Page 17 and 18: mately the sense applied to the oth
Page 19 and 20: is found at Borg in Lofoten and dat
Page 21 and 22: Figures 3a and b. (a) The hall at W
Page 23 and 24: (b) An early phase of a farm at Cow
Page 25 and 26: The Farm Owner’s Seat The positio
Page 27 and 28: place. Living quarters are limited
Page 29 and 30: Figure 9. A proposed schematic deve
Page 31: When eventually hall and power, kin
Page 35 and 36: kitchen. The tempo in Northern Norw
Page 37 and 38: have their obvious counterparts in
Page 39 and 40: they, contrary to most of the guest
Page 42 and 43: accessible, elevated and at the sam
Page 44 and 45: Figures 17a-c. Three sections of ro
Page 46 and 47: this farm, however, the village was
Page 48 and 49: Figure 19. The Oelandic Iron Age vi
Page 50 and 51: 50 Figures 21a and b. (a), Early Me
Page 52 and 53: question. This is certainly a matte
Page 54 and 55: the sources used, houses as well as
Page 56 and 57: Although we may accept the argument
Page 58 and 59: The change in the meaning of the wo
Page 60 and 61: 60 UlfR ok þeR Ragnarr restu sten
Page 62: Earlier discussions of the Old Engl
Page 65 and 66: Figure 22. The structure of Wealhth
Page 67 and 68: than pious disposition, ought to do
Page 69 and 70: Figure 25. Two partly overlapping e
Page 71 and 72: good father, good son or good broth
Page 73 and 74: 72 In reality it gives a significan
Page 75 and 76: and immediately afterwards he is cu
Page 77 and 78: current, throughout the poem as wel
Page 79 and 80: 2209 hé gehéold tela fiftig wintr
Page 81 and 82: Figure 30. The use of the word good
Page 83 and 84:
to introduce Beowulf and to describ
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mate success, but there is no sharp
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Wealhtheow, whose name means ‘cel
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In verse 1810 the sword Hrunting is
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you and perhaps take a liking to yo
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it must be discussed how a Late Cla
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45 Post tenebras noctis stellarum l
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Sigibert burn to marry the maid. Th
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why is the description of Brunhild
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Skírne-motif and hints at the para
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fourth belongs to a period after Si
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The second poem seems ultimately to
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106 You have adopted the custom of
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Distant or stand-offish Germanic ki
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110 So am I, exhausted by the might
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the first poem to express the unite
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How fast does Fame fly, rising on f
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order to survive and develop, but a
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Their peaceful role in general and
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eciprocal connection between a pair
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esult of a philosophical developmen
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connections is marked and dispropor
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and humans and animals on each side
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competition on the farm was smooth
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The established aristocracy is alwa
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166
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peasants, namely the marriage betwe
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have been their obvious right to ex
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not free to pass through the lower
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174 Then Ælfwine said, he talked b
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was a child. Today we would not cou
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Beowulf in the first part of the po
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180
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Andersson, K., 1993. Romersk guldsm
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Fabech, C., 1998. Slöinge i perspe
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⎯ 1993. The origin of the hall in
Page 155 and 156:
Knudsen, S. Aa. & Hertz, E., 1994.
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Nielsen, K. M., 1945. Var thegnerne
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⎯ 1993. Vikingetidens volde og bo
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Williams, T. A., M. Shaw & V. Debha
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212
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214
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216
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3 Dejbjerg. The hall from Dejbjerg
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on a central farm among other large
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186 Appendix II An English version
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188 To him who strengthless fled th
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190 When I, as a stranger, saw Germ
Page 179 and 180:
Notes 1 The translation follows the
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always fasting, incessantly praying
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7. When Atharidos got to know this
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