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But that which father and mother, brother and sister and their children, that which my fatherland could have done, you fulfil with pious devotion. The amiable letter, so benignly dispatched in your name, has refreshed me with the waters of its nectarean source. And not only your letter has pleased me, a carter, send out for the purpose, has also arrived here. Who, I wonder, could remember and enumerate so many gifts? the tongue refuses to express its sweet feelings. May the Lord in Heaven repay you for all, he who teaches that whatever we give to the lowly is his (given also to him). Carmina Book VII, Poem 10 How fast does Fame fly, rising on fast wings, filling all places, having grown by her own actions! For you are at the Rhine and I am close to the Loire and here you are most popular, courteous Magnulfus, and much honoured. So (far) has the herald’s trumpet sent out by Sigimund travelled that your deeds are well-known in a wide area. But a letter with short words can hardly express it, since neither can it sing of everything, nor does it want to keep anything in silence. Your principal strength is the is the flow of words in executing the law and you rule so that with the new you recall the old. During your office, with the plough of the just cultivator, the people reap the benefit of their desires from the seeds of justice. No one is without his property, no one pinches that of others. You see to it that the people has no opportunity to be criminal. Your care gives others their salvation and one man’s work becomes the peace of the multitude. You are just and mild4 so that by everyone you are called on one hand judge for your veracity in the law, on the other father for your goodness. Forgive me for expressing myself briefly, the letter carrier waits; but about Lupus’ brother the cause urges one to speak lengthily. May the Lord grant that you by your merits rehabilitate him whom I, together with you, love of all my heart! 191
Notes 1 The translation follows the reading spargine instead of margine. 2 Publius Vergilius Maro, Rome’s national poet. 3 Here the adjective pius is not used in its Christian sense. It denotes human piety. 4 The adjective concors means ‘unanimous’, ‘harmonious’, perhaps even ‘peace making’. Here it is possible that it is to be taken with voceris, meaning that Lupus is by all unanimously called judge etc. 192
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Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15
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Published with grants from Swedish
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6 The Two Panegyrics ..............
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I. Introduction This study seeks an
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(Herschend 1993). It has also becom
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democratic congregation had been es
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ample of a need for large storage f
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mately the sense applied to the oth
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is found at Borg in Lofoten and dat
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Figures 3a and b. (a) The hall at W
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(b) An early phase of a farm at Cow
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The Farm Owner’s Seat The positio
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place. Living quarters are limited
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Figure 9. A proposed schematic deve
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When eventually hall and power, kin
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Figures 12a and b. A comparison bet
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kitchen. The tempo in Northern Norw
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have their obvious counterparts in
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they, contrary to most of the guest
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accessible, elevated and at the sam
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Figures 17a-c. Three sections of ro
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this farm, however, the village was
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Figure 19. The Oelandic Iron Age vi
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50 Figures 21a and b. (a), Early Me
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question. This is certainly a matte
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the sources used, houses as well as
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Although we may accept the argument
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The change in the meaning of the wo
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60 UlfR ok þeR Ragnarr restu sten
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Earlier discussions of the Old Engl
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Figure 22. The structure of Wealhth
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than pious disposition, ought to do
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Figure 25. Two partly overlapping e
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good father, good son or good broth
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72 In reality it gives a significan
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and immediately afterwards he is cu
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current, throughout the poem as wel
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2209 hé gehéold tela fiftig wintr
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Figure 30. The use of the word good
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to introduce Beowulf and to describ
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mate success, but there is no sharp
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Wealhtheow, whose name means ‘cel
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In verse 1810 the sword Hrunting is
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you and perhaps take a liking to yo
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it must be discussed how a Late Cla
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45 Post tenebras noctis stellarum l
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Sigibert burn to marry the maid. Th
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why is the description of Brunhild
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Skírne-motif and hints at the para
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fourth belongs to a period after Si
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The second poem seems ultimately to
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106 You have adopted the custom of
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Distant or stand-offish Germanic ki
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110 So am I, exhausted by the might
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the first poem to express the unite
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How fast does Fame fly, rising on f
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order to survive and develop, but a
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Their peaceful role in general and
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eciprocal connection between a pair
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esult of a philosophical developmen
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connections is marked and dispropor
Page 127 and 128: and humans and animals on each side
Page 129 and 130: competition on the farm was smooth
Page 131 and 132: The established aristocracy is alwa
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Page 135 and 136: peasants, namely the marriage betwe
Page 137 and 138: have been their obvious right to ex
Page 139 and 140: not free to pass through the lower
Page 141 and 142: 174 Then Ælfwine said, he talked b
Page 143 and 144: was a child. Today we would not cou
Page 145 and 146: Beowulf in the first part of the po
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Page 149 and 150: Andersson, K., 1993. Romersk guldsm
Page 151 and 152: Fabech, C., 1998. Slöinge i perspe
Page 153 and 154: ⎯ 1993. The origin of the hall in
Page 155 and 156: Knudsen, S. Aa. & Hertz, E., 1994.
Page 157 and 158: Nielsen, K. M., 1945. Var thegnerne
Page 159 and 160: ⎯ 1993. Vikingetidens volde og bo
Page 161 and 162: Williams, T. A., M. Shaw & V. Debha
Page 163 and 164: 212
Page 165 and 166: 214
Page 167 and 168: 216
Page 169 and 170: 3 Dejbjerg. The hall from Dejbjerg
Page 171 and 172: on a central farm among other large
Page 173 and 174: 186 Appendix II An English version
Page 175 and 176: 188 To him who strengthless fled th
Page 177: 190 When I, as a stranger, saw Germ
Page 181 and 182: always fasting, incessantly praying
Page 183 and 184: 7. When Atharidos got to know this
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